Cited by 476Sleep and related disordersChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentInfant Health and Development

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Sleep Problems in Early Childhood: Continuities, Predictive Factors, and Behavioral Correlates

Zuckerman, Barry, Stevenson, James, Bailey, Veira·1987·Pediatrics

DOI 10.1542/peds.80.5.664

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Abstract

A longitudinal study, based on interviews with 308 middle-class, preponderantly white mothers, provided an opportunity to evaluate the continuity, predictive factors, and behavioral correlates of sleep problems in young children. When their children were 8 months old, 10% of the mothers reported that their babies woke three or more times per night, 8% reported that the babies took an hour or more to settle after waking, 5% complained that their own sleep was severely disrupted by the child, and 18% reported at least one of these problems. At 3 years of age, 29% of the children had difficulty getting to bed and/or falling asleep or staying asleep. Of children with a sleep problem at 8 months of age, 41% still had a problem at 3 years of age, whereas only 26% of children without a problem at 8 months of age had a problem at 3 years of age (P < .001). Among children with sleep problems at 8 months of age, mothers' depressed feelings were the only measured demographic or psychosocial factor associated with persistent sleep problems (P = .02). A separate analysis indicated that these depressed feelings did not appear to be a consequence of the child's sleep problem. Future studies should evaluate how maternal depression interacts with other factors to result in persistent sleep problems. Children with persistent sleep problems were more likely to have behavior problems, especially tantrums (P < .02) and behavior management problems (P < .01), than were children without persistent sleep problems (P < .02). They were not more likely to have fears, anxiety, or other behavior problems measured by the Behavior Screening Questionnaire.

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“We used a conservative dose for 2 reasons: (1) we consulted with many local physicians, and this dose was commonly used; (2) we could find no previous studies in this age group, so we wished to err on the side of safety.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential

Authors: Zuckerman, B., Stevenson, J., & Bailey, V.
Affiliations: Boston University (US)
ORCID: Zuckerman, Barry
Venue: Pediatrics
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published: 1987-11-01
Volume: 80
Issue: 5
Pages: 664-671
ISSN: 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
1098-4275
DOI: 10.1542/peds.80.5.664
OpenAlex: W2126897373
Cited by: 472
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 4.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Health and Development
Keywords: infant sleep problems, nocturnal awakenings, bedtime resistance, maternal depression, behavioral problems, tantrums, early childhood, longitudinal development, mother-child relationship
MeSH terms: Adult, Age Factors, Breast Feeding, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Depression, England, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Sleep Wake Disorders, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors

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Sleep Problems in Early Childhood: Continuities, Predictive Factors, and Behavioral Correlates

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