Sleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory

May combine two claims.

The sleep disturbances factor included items pertaining to having nightmares and talking/crying or talking/walking in sleep, whereas the sleep difficulties factor included items regarding trouble sleeping, being overtired, and sleeping less than others.

“The factor pertaining to sleep disturbances included items pertaining to having nightmares and talking/crying or talking/walking in sleep, whereas the factor associated with sleep difficulties included items regarding trouble sleeping, being overtired, and sleeping less than others.”

May combine two claims.

Mother report at age 15 on sleep problems was highly correlated with youth report (sleep difficulties r = .54; sleep disturbances item r = .20).

“Mother report at age 15 on sleep problems was highly correlated with youth report (sleep difficulties r = .54 between youth and mother report; sleep disturbances item r = .20 between youth and mother report).”

May combine two claims.

The two-factor model had excellent fit, as indicated by CFI values greater than 0.95, RMSEA values less than 0.05, and non-significant Chi square values.

“The two-factor model had excellent fit, as indicated by CFI values greater than 0.95, RMSEA values less than 0.05, and non-significant Chi square values.”

May combine two claims.

At time points where the solution was more ambiguous, constraining parameters to match the solution derived at other time points did not significantly reduce model fit, suggesting that the same two subscale solution of sleep disturbances and sleep difficulties could reliably be used at each time point.

“Moreover, at the time points where the solution was more ambiguous, constraining parameters to match the solution derived at other time points did not significantly reduce model fit, suggesting that the same two subscale solution of sleep disturbances and sleep difficulties could reliably be used at each time point.”

May combine two claims.

At each time point, factor analysis indicated that the loadings could be constrained to be equal with adequate model fit, suggesting that taking the average of items was appropriate instead of using factor loadings.

“At each time point, factor analysis indicated that the loadings could be constrained to be equal with adequate model fit, suggesting that taking the average of items was appropriate instead of using factor loadings.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

From middle childhood to adolescence, 69% of good sleepers remained good, 31% of good sleepers moved to poor, 71% of poor sleepers transitioned to good, and 29% of poor sleepers remained poor.

“Finally, most individuals who were good sleepers in middle childhood remained so in adolescence (69 %), however, there was a 31 % chance that individuals who were good sleepers in middle childhood would move into the poor sleeper class in adolescence. Of those who were poor sleepers in middle childhood, they were most likely to transition to the good sleeper class during adolescence (71 %),”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The assessment of income to needs at 24 months was highly correlated with the assessment at 1 month (r = .50) and at age 15 (r = .49).

“The assessment of income to needs at 24 months was highly correlated with the assessment of income to needs at 1 month ( r = .50) and at age 15 ( r = .49).”

May combine two claims.

From infancy to early childhood, 74% of good sleepers remained good, and 69% of poor sleepers remained poor.

“Seventy-four percent of individuals who were classified as good sleepers in infancy remained so in early childhood, whereas 69 % of those who were classified as poor sleepers in infancy remained so during early childhood”

May combine two claims.

Sleep problems in infancy and early childhood did not improve model fit for adolescent working memory and were excluded from the final model.

“The results indicated that the association between sleep problems in infancy [ v 2 (1) = .85, p = .36] and early childhood [ v 2 (1) = 1.20, p = .27] on adolescent working memory did not improve model fit and consequently, these pathways were excluded from the final model.”

May combine two claims.

From early childhood to middle childhood, 91% of good sleepers remained good, 26% of poor sleepers remained poor, and 74% of poor sleepers transitioned to good.

“From early childhood to middle childhood, individuals who were classified as good sleepers in early childhood were likely to remain so in middle childhood (91 %), but only 26 % of individuals who were poor sleepers in early childhood remained so in middle childhood. Instead, individuals who were classified as poor sleepers in early childhood were most likely to transition to being good sleepers in”

May combine two claims.

The path from middle childhood sleep problems to working memory at age 15 was not significant but improved overall model fit.

“While the path from middle childhood to working memory at age 15 was not significant, it did improve the overall model fit.”

May combine two claims.

Sleep problems in middle childhood and adolescence significantly improved model fit for adolescent working memory and were included in the final model.

“In contrast, inclusions of the paths from sleep problems in middle childhood [ v 2 (1) = 3.80, p = .05] and adolescence [ v 2 (1) = .85, p = .36] to adolescent working memory did significantly improve model fit and were included in the final model.”

May combine two claims.

The proportion of good sleepers was 77% in infancy, 89% in early childhood, 85% in middle childhood, and 64% in adolescence.

“77 % of participants were classified as good sleepers in infancy; 89 % of participants were classified as good sleepers in early childhood; 85 % of participants were classified as good sleepers in middle childhood; 64 % of participants were classified as good sleepers in adolescence.”

May combine two claims.

The 2-class solution was selected as more parsimonious and consistent with the other developmental periods.

“As such, the 2-class solution was selected as more parsimonious and consistent with the other developmental periods.”

May combine two claims.

Across any developmental period, no more than 30% of the sample exhibited continuity in poor sleeping, with most youth transitioning into better sleep patterns at the subsequent period.

“Indeed, across any developmental period, no more than 30 % of the sample exhibited continuity in poor sleeping, with most youth transitioning into better sleep patterns at the subsequent patterns.”

May combine two claims.

In early childhood, a 3-class solution provided better fit than a 2-class solution, but one latent class consisted of less than 4% of the sample.

“Although results suggested that a 3-class solution did provide better fit to the data in early childhood than a 2 class solution (LMRLRT = 544.613, p = 0.2), one latent class consisted of less than 4 % of the sample.”

May combine two claims.

The least continuity in sleep problems across time is found during adolescence, when more individuals experience sleep issues.

“the least continuity in sleep problems across time is found during adolescence, when more individuals experience sleep issues”

May combine two claims.

The continuity for being a poor sleeper was weaker although still present.

“the continuity for being a poor sleeper was weaker although still present”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sleep problems during infancy are not uncommon.

“our transition analyses suggest that sleep problems during infancy are not uncommon”

May combine two claims.

Males and youth from lower socioeconomic status were more likely to engage in risk taking.

“Males and youth from lower socioeconomic status were more likely to engage in risk taking.”

May combine two claims.

Developmental continuity in sleep problems has been documented from infancy to childhood; 41% of infants identified as having sleep problems at 8 months experienced continuing difficulties at 3 years.

“Moreover, the occurrence of sleep problems in childhood does not appear to be transitory: developmental continuity in sleep problems has been documented from infancy to childhood, such that 41 % of infants identified as having sleep problems at 8 months experienced continuing difficulties at 3 years (Zuckerman et al. 1987).”

• cites Zuckerman et al. 1987 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Sleep problems in adolescence contribute uniquely to deficits in working memory that, in turn, lead to risky behavior during late adolescence.

“In summary, the present results suggest that sleep problems in earlier periods are indicative of risk for sleep problems later in development, but that sleep problems in adolescence contribute uniquely to deficits in working memory that, in turn, lead to risky behavior during late adolescence.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusion · p. 16 · hedged

  “sleep problems in adolescence contribute uniquely to deficits in working memory that, in turn, lead to risky behavior during late adolescence”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The observed associations between sleep problems, working memory, and risk taking are not due to unmeasured confounding.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The temporal ordering of the measures reflects the causal direction of effects (sleep problems affect working memory, which affects risk taking).

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Continuity in sleep problems remains into adolescence for more general sleep problems, but not for more specific sleep problems such as nightmares, bedwetting, or talking/walking in sleep.

“Some evidence suggests that this continuity also remains into adolescence for more general sleep problems, but not for more specific sleep problems, such as nightmares, bedwetting, or talking/walking in sleep (Friedman et al. 2009).”

• cites Friedman et al. 2009 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

25-40% of children suffer from some type of sleep problem.

“It has been estimated that 25-40 % of children suffer from some type of sleep problem (Owens 2005).”

• cites Owens 2005 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The peak in risk taking during middle to late adolescence is thought to result from an imbalance between low impulse control and high reward-seeking tendencies.

“This peak in risk taking that occurs during middle to late adolescence is thought to be the result of an imbalance between low impulse control and high reward-seeking tendencies (Steinberg 2010).”

• cites Steinberg 2010 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Adolescence appears to be a time of greater likelihood of experiencing sleep problems.

“Thus, adolescence appears to be a time of greater likelihood of experiencing sleep problems.”

May combine two claims.

The presence of early sleep problems on its own does not predict later executive functioning; rather, the degree of change in sleep problems over time is more predictive of later executive functioning than the initial level of sleep problems measured in childhood.

“Examination of individual differences in the trajectories of sleep problems over time suggests that the presence of early sleep problems on its own does not predict later executive functioning. Rather, the degree of change in sleep problems over time was more predictive of later executive functioning than the initial level of sleep problems measured in childhood.”

• cites Friedman et al. 2009 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Performance on tasks of working memory improves linearly from age 4 to 15 years.

“Performance on tasks of working memory has been found to improve linearly from age 4 to 15 years (Gathercole et al. 2004).”

• cites Gathercole et al. 2004 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Sleep deprivation resulted in longer response times on both simple and complex working memory tasks, but performance was only reduced on the simple working memory task; performance on the complex task remained intact due to greater compensation by prefrontal and thalamic brain regions.

“One neuroimaging study revealed that, although sleep deprivation resulted in longer response times on both simple and complex tasks of working memory, performance was only reduced on the simple working memory task; performance on the complex task remained intact following sleep deprivation due to greater compensation by the prefrontal and thalamic brain regions (Chee and Choo 2004).”

• cites Chee and Choo 2004 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Risky behavior tends to follow an inverted U-shaped developmental trajectory with normative increases in risk taking during adolescence followed by declines during the transition to adulthood.

“Across development, risky behavior tends to follow an inverted U-shaped developmental trajectory that includes normative increases in risk taking during adolescence, followed by declines during the transition to adulthood (Steinberg 2008).”

• cites Steinberg 2008 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Various brain regions are differentially activated following sleep deprivation depending upon the complexity of the working memory task.

“Additional work has suggested that various brain regions are differentially activated following sleep deprivation depending upon the complexity of the working memory task (Choo et al. 2005).”

• cites Choo et al. 2005 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In medical residents, sleep variability and reduced sleep duration were more prevalent during on-call rotations and were significantly associated with a reduction in working memory capacity.

“In a study of on-call and non-call rotation medical residents, sleep variability and reduced sleep duration were more prevalent during on-call rotations and were significantly associated with a reduction in working memory capacity (Gohar et al. 2009).”

• cites Gohar et al. 2009 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

As youth transition to adolescence, their sleep patterns undergo important changes that may exacerbate the cognitive-affective imbalance and contribute to risky behavior.

“As youth transition to adolescence, their sleep patterns also undergo important changes that may exacerbate this cognitiveaffective imbalance and contribute to risky behavior (Telzer et al. 2013).”

• cites Telzer et al. 2013 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Higher percentages of time spent sleeping during the night relative to the day at 18 months were associated with concurrent working memory scores at 18 months and with impulse control at 26 months.

“higher percentages of time spent sleeping during the night relative to the day at 18 months were associated with concurrent working memory scores at 18 months as well as with impulse control at 26 months (Bernier et al. 2010).”

• cites Bernier et al. 2010 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In high school students, sleep duration was positively associated with working memory; those who slept less than 8 h per night performed worse on two types of complex working memory tasks than those who slept between 8 and 9 h per night.

“Likewise, in a study of 174 high school students, sleep duration was found to be positively associated with working memory. Specifically, those students who slept less than 8 h per night performed worse on two types of complex working memory tasks than those who slept between 8 and 9 h per night (Gradisar et al. 2008).”

• cites Gradisar et al. 2008 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Both variability in normative sleep patterns and the incidence of sleep problems have been associated with working memory across different periods of development from infancy to adolescence.

“Although working memory continues to develop across childhood and into adolescence, it appears that both variability in normative sleep patterns and the incidence of sleep problems has been associated with working memory across different periods of development from infancy to adolescence.”

May combine two claims.

Associations between sleep and working memory vary with the age of the participants and the measures used to assess sleep and working memory ability.

“Taken together, these findings reveal complex associations between sleep and working memory that vary with the age of the participants and the measures used to assess sleep and working memory ability.”

May combine two claims.

Working memory skills continue to become refined throughout adolescence, as demonstrated by changes in brain activity associated with working memory from childhood through adolescence.

“Working memory skills continue to become refined throughout adolescence, as demonstrated by changes in brain activity associated with working memory from childhood through adolescence (see review by Best et al. 2009).”

• cites Best et al. 2009 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Existing research suggests the prevalence of sleep problems may differ between racial groups, as well as by gender and socioeconomic status.

“Existing research suggests the prevalence of sleep problems may differ between racial groups (Durrence and Lichstein 2006), as well as by gender and socioeconomic status (Arber et al. 2009).”

• cites Durrence and Lichstein 2006 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Arber et al. 2009 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Working memory may be enmeshed with other executive functioning skills, such that engagement of working memory abilities may necessarily involve recruitment of other executive skills, such as inhibition.

“Some researchers have postulated that working memory may be enmeshed with other executive functioning skills, such that engagement of working memory abilities may necessarily involve recruitment of other executive skills, such as inhibition (Bell et al. 2007).”

• cites Bell et al. 2007Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Working memory may be necessary for impulse control and therefore, weak working memory may place adolescents at risk for engagement in a variety of risky behaviors.

“Together, these findings suggest that working memory may be necessary for impulse control and therefore, weak working memory may place adolescents at risk for engagement in a variety of risky behaviors.”

May combine two claims.

Both forms of impulsivity were correlated with subsequent risk taking, but the relationship was stronger for acting without thinking.

“Although both forms of impulsivity were correlated with subsequent risk taking, the relationship was stronger for acting without thinking (Romer et al. 2011).”

• cites Romer et al. 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Impulse control develops linearly across development and is not complete in adolescence.

“Neurobiological models indicate that impulse control develops linearly across development and is not complete in adolescence (Casey et al. 2011).”

• cites Casey et al. 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Dopaminergic activity increases prior to complete development of cognitive control systems in the prefrontal cortex, leading to a period of high impulsivity and reward-seeking behavior during mid-adolescence, making this a vulnerable time for risk-taking.

“Thus, dopaminergic activity increases prior to complete development of cognitive control systems in the prefrontal cortex, leading to a period of high impulsivity and reward-seeking behavior during mid-adolescence, making this a vulnerable time for risk-taking (Steinberg 2008).”

• cites Steinberg 2008 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There may be racial and socioeconomic differences in the relation between sleep and cognitive functioning.

“Further, there may be racial and socioeconomic differences in the relation between sleep and cognitive functioning (Buckholt et al. 2007).”

• cites Buckholt et al. 2007 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In a 3-year longitudinal study of youth, working memory was associated with two types of impulsivity: sensation seeking tendencies (associated with better working memory) and acting without thinking (associated with poorer working memory).

“In a 3-year longitudinal study of youth, Romer et al. (2011) found that working memory was associated with two types of impulsivity: sensation seeking tendencies (which was associated with better working memory) and acting without thinking (which was associated with poorer working memory).”

• cites Romer et al. 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The correlation is more modest on the nightmare item because youth would be better reporters of this internal conscious state than parents and parents would only know a nightmare occurred if a youth disclosed this information.

“It is not surprising that the correlation is more modest on the nightmare item as youth would be better reporters of this internal conscious state than parents and parents would only know a nightmare occurred if a youth disclosed this information.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When entropy is high (greater than .80), classifying individuals into latent classes is appropriate.

“Simulation studies indicate that when entropy is high (greater than .80), classifying individuals into latent classes is appropriate (i.e., assigning individuals to membership in their most likely latent class and utilizing that variable as an independent or dependent variable).”

• cites Clark and Muthe ´n 2009Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Families were recruited using conditional random sampling to ensure an appropriate distribution of families from various backgrounds and childcare experiences.

“Families were recruited using conditional random sampling to ensure an appropriate distribution of families from various backgrounds and childcare experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The OSPAN task has demonstrated convergent validity with other measures of working memory capacity.

“The OSPAN task has demonstrated convergent validity by showing consistency with other measures of working memory capacity (Engle et al. 1999).”

• cites Engle et al. 1999 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Risky Behavior Protocol scale had good reliability (α = .88).

“This scale had good reliability ( a = .88).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Reliability estimates are biased towards number of items, and on scales with small numbers of items the alpha is a poor indicator of measure fit.

“Reliability estimates are biased towards number of items, and on scales with small numbers of items the alpha is a poor indicator of measure fit (Cortina 1993).”

• cites Cortina 1993 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

There is generally strong stability in remaining a relatively good sleeper between developmental periods, but continuity for being a poor sleeper across developmental periods is weaker.

“Second, there is generally strong stability in remaining a relatively good sleeper between developmental periods, but the continuity for being a poor sleeper across developmental periods was weaker.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

We rely on the factor analysis solution for support for our solution.

“As such, we rely on the factor analysis solution for support for our solution.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The maternal-reported CBCL and youth-reported YSR were selected as the measure of sleep because they offered a consistent measure of sleep across all time points.

“The maternal-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach 1991, 1992) and youth-reported Youth SelfReport (YSR; Achenbach 1991) were selected for use as the measure of sleep for this study, as these offered a consistent measure of sleep across all time points.”

• cites Achenbach 1991, 1992Not checked yet

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• cites Achenbach 1991Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Including all five items despite slight variation in wording on the fifth item helped promote variability in a measure of sleep problems.

“For these analyses, we opted to include all five items regardless of the slight variation in wording on the fifth item to help promote variability in a measure of sleep problems.”

May combine two claims.

The overall pattern suggests relative stability of good sleepers over time, but also that patterns of sleeping change dramatically across development, with many youth moving in and out of good sleep habits.

“Taken as a whole, the pattern suggests relative stability of good sleepers over time, but also that patterns of sleeping change dramatically across development, with many youth moving in and out of good sleep habits.”

May combine two claims.

For most children, periods of being a poor sleeper are short-lived and tied to a single developmental period.

“This suggests that for most children, periods of being a poor sleeper are short-lived and tied to a single developmental period.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

If model fit is not diminished by constraining parameters to be equal, taking the mean of items in each scale is appropriate rather than using factor loadings.

“If model fit is not diminished by constraining the parameters to be equal, taking the mean of the items in each scale is appropriate, rather than using factor loadings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The overall retention rate was 57.3%, with 782 of the original 1,364 children participating in the final wave (Phase V) of data collection.

“The overall retention rate was 57.3 %, with 782 of the original 1,364 children participating in the final wave (Phase V) of data collection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 110 cases excluded from latent class analysis did not differ on any key demographics from the analytic sample.

“These 110 cases did not differ on any key demographics from the analytic sample.”

May combine two claims.

If one is considered a good sleeper during infancy, it is likely that one will remain a good sleeper in middle childhood, and vice versa.

“if one is considered a good sleeper during infancy, it is likely that one will remain a good sleeper in middle childhood, and vice versa”

May combine two claims.

Good sleep during adolescence may be especially crucial, as this was the only developmental stage where sleep was associated with poor working memory.

“good sleep during adolescence may be especially crucial, as this was the only developmental stage where sleep was associated with poor working memory”

May combine two claims.

The sleep-risk association is explained through a cascade model in which poor sleep during adolescence predicts working memory deficits, which in turn predict risk taking behavior 3 years later.

“the sleep-risk association is explained through a cascade model in which poor sleep during adolescence predicts working memory deficits, which in turn predict risk taking behavior 3 years later”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The observed associations between sleep problems, working memory, and risk taking are not due to unmeasured confounding.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The temporal ordering of the measures reflects the causal direction of effects (sleep problems affect working memory, which affects risk taking).

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Adolescence may be a prime time in which interventions are likely to be most effective.

“adolescence may be a prime time in which interventions are likely to be most effective”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The cascading effects finding is consistent with the previous model on working memory.

“This finding is consistent with the previous model on working memory.”

May combine two claims.

We cannot say with certainty that the transition from 'good sleeper' to 'bad sleeper' status (and vice versa) that occurred at the age 15 assessment are due to actual changes in sleep problems or due to the change in reporter.

“we cannot say with certainty that the transition from ' 'good sleeper'' to ' 'bad sleeper'' status (and vice versa) that occurred at the age 15 assessment are due to actual changes in sleep problems or due to the change in reporter”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The large and geographically diverse sample used in this study enhances the generalizability of the study.

“the large and geographically diverse sample used in this study enhances the generalizability of the study”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Definitions of sleep problems based on parental reports and sleep quality, measured objectively, target different constructs and should not be considered as merely different operational definitions.

“definitions of sleep problems based on parental reports and sleep quality , measured objectively, target different constructs and should not be considered as merely different operational definitions”

• cites Scher and Asher 2004Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The prime time for engagement in delinquent and risky behavior is in the hours immediately following school (between 3 and 6 p.m. on school days), as this time is commonly spent unsupervised.

“the prime time for engagement in delinquent and risky behavior is in the hours immediately following school (between 3 and 6 p.m. on school days), as this time is commonly spent unsupervised”

• cites Fight Crime: Invest in Kids 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several studies have assessed sleep in a similar manner.

“several studies have assessed sleep in a similar manner”

• cites Coulombe et al. 2010Not checked yet

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• cites Gregory and O'Connor 2002Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Insufficient sleep is associated with greater incidence of a variety of health risk behaviors.

“insufficient sleep and greater incidence of a variety of health risk behaviors”

• cites McKnight-Eily et al. 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The greatest limitation in the present study is the measure of sleep problems; sleep problems were assessed using items from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), an assessment that does not have a standardized sleep scale.

“the greatest limitation in the present study is the measure of sleep problems. Sleep problems were assessed using items from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), an assessment that does not have a standardized sleep scale”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The present study was correlational rather than experimental and did not perform any manipulations on sleep.

“the present study was correlational rather than experimental and did not perform any manipulations on sleep”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Prior research has demonstrated associations between sleep duration and delinquency.

“Prior research has demonstrated associations between sleep duration and delinquency”

• cites Clinkinbeard et al. 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The sleep problems reported by the youths at age 15 are reflective of true sleep problems and are not artifacts of the change in reporter.

“we feel confident that the sleep problems reported by the youths at age 15 are reflective of true sleep problems and are not artifacts of the change in reporter”