HIV testing among transgender women and men—27 states and Guam, 2014–2015.
Open accessAbstract
Transgender persons are at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; in a recent analysis of the results of over nine million CDC funded HIV tests, transgender women* had the highest percentage of confirmed positive results (2.7%) of any gender category (1).Transgender men, † particularly those who have sex with cisgender § men, are also at high risk for infection (2).HIV testing is critical for detecting and treating persons who are infected and delivering preventive services to those who are uninfected.CDC recommends that persons at high risk for HIV infection be screened for HIV at least annually, although transgender persons are not specified in the current recommendations.CDC analyzed data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to describe HIV testing among transgender women and men and two cisgender comparison groups in 27 states and Guam.After adjusting for demographic characteristics, transgender women and men had a lower prevalence of ever testing and past year testing for HIV (35.6% and 31.6%ever, and 10.0% and 10.2% past year, respectively) compared with cisgender gay and bisexual men (61.8% ever and 21.6% past year) and instead reported testing at levels comparable to cisgender heterosexual men and women (35.2% ever, and 8.6% past year).This finding suggests that transgender women and men might not be sufficiently reached by current HIV testing measures.Tailoring HIV testing activities to overcome the unique barriers faced by transgender women and men might increase rates of testing among these populations.BRFSS is an annual, state-based, random-digit-dialed cellular and landline telephone survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. adult population.¶ Gender identity was uniformly assessed in an optional module used by 20 jurisdictions** in 2014 and 22 jurisdictions † † in 2015.Fourteen jurisdictions participated in the module during both years, six participated only in 2014, and eight participated only in 2015, for a total * Persons assigned male sex at birth who identify as woman, transgender woman, or another transfeminine identity.† Persons assigned female sex at birth who identify as man, transgender man, or another transmasculine identity.§ Persons whose sex assigned at birth is the same as their gender identity or expression.¶ https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/.
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Recent data from the STD Surveillance Network demonstrated higher prevalence of gonorrhea and chlamydia among transgender men, similar to rates reported among cisgender MSM.
“Recent data from the STD Surveillance Network demonstrated higher prevalence of gonorrhea and chlamydia among transgender men, similar to rates reported among cisgender MSM (365).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [365]
The report’s methods and Discussion examine HIV testing using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, not gonorrhea or chlamydia prevalence. Searches for the STD Surveillance Network and for gonorrhea and chlamydia comparisons with cisgender MSM found no passage addressing the claim. The available passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Pitasi, M. A., Oraka, E., Clark, H., Town, M., & DiNenno, E. A.
- Corresponding author
- Pitasi, Marc A.
- Venue
- MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
- Published
- 2017-08-25
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 33
- Pages
- 883-887
- ISSN
- 0149-2195 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-861X
- PMC
- PMC5687817
- OpenAlex
- W2745679747
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 6.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Keywords
- HIV testing, transgender women, transgender men, HIV prevalence, HIV screening, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, gender identity, barriers to HIV testing, HIV prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Guam, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, United States, HIV Infections, Risk Assessment, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Young Adult, Transgender Persons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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