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Cited by 107Sleep and related disordersAttention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderObstructive Sleep Apnea Research

Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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Spruyt, Karen, Gozal, David·2011·Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
DOI 10.1586/ern.11.7PMC PMC3129712
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Abstract

In this article, we advocate the need for better understanding and treatment of children exhibiting inattentive, hyperactive, impulsive behaviors, by in-depth questioning on sleepiness, sleep-disordered breathing or problematic behaviors at bedtime, during the night and upon awakening, as well as night-to-night sleep duration variability. The relationships between sleep and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are complex and are routinely overlooked by practitioners. Motricity and somnolence, the most consistent complaints and objectively measured sleep problems in children with ADHD, may develop as a consequence of multidirectional and multifactorial pathways. Therefore, subjectively perceived or reported restless sleep should be evaluated with specific attention to restless legs syndrome or periodic limb movement disorder, and awakenings should be queried with regard to parasomnias, dyssomnias and sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep hygiene logs detailing sleep onset and offset quantitatively, as well as qualitatively, are required. More studies in children with ADHD are needed to reveal the 24-h phenotype, or its sleep comorbidities.

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  • In children with ADHD, irregular sleep cycles, troubled sleep initiation, reduced sleep effectiveness with greater wakefulness periods and increased nocturnal activity have been observed.

    “In children with ADHD, irregular sleep cycles, troubled sleep initiation, reduced sleep effectiveness with greater wakefulness periods and increased nocturnal activity have been observed, among others [117].”

    From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [117]

    The sections on sleep initiation and maintaining sleep report sleep-onset insomnia, increased night-time awakenings, and higher nocturnal activity in children with ADHD. The sleep-duration section describes variable sleep–wake patterns, but calls reduced sleep efficiency an anticipated complaint rather than a consistently observed finding; the review also notes that objective sleep findings are inconsistent. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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  • A deficit in melatonin levels has been found in adults and children with ADHD, and melatonin has been used as a treatment for children with sleep problems diagnosed with ADHD.

    “Moreover, a deficit in melatonin levels has been found in adults and children with ADHD [117], and melatonin has been used as a treatment for children with sleep problems diagnosed with ADHD [118].”

    From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [117]

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Authors
Spruyt, K., & Gozal, D.
Affiliations
University of Chicago (US)
Corresponding author
Gozal, David
ORCID
Venue
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2011-04
Volume
11
Issue
4
Pages
565-577
ISSN
  • 1473-7175 (ISSN-L)
  • 1744-8360
DOI
10.1586/ern.11.7
PMC
PMC3129712
OpenAlex
W2034135642
Cited by
107
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 9
FWCI
0.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-65 270, R01HL065270)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, sleep disorders, children, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, parasomnias, dyssomnia, sleep-disordered breathing, sleep hygiene, sleep duration variability, sleepiness, motricity
MeSH terms
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Restless Legs Syndrome, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Sleep Wake Disorders, Comorbidity, Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome

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