Sleep Duration and Regularity are Associated with Behavioral Problems in 8-year-old Children
Abstract
Background Relatively little is known about the significance of normal variation in objectively assessed sleep duration and its regularity in children's psychological well-being.Purpose We explored the associations between sleep duration and regularity and behavioral and emotional problems in 8-year-old children.Methods A correlational design was applied among an epidemiological sample of children born in 1998. Sleep was registered with an actigraph for seven nights (range 3 to 14) in 2006. Mothers (n = 280) and fathers (n = 190) rated their child's behavioral problems with the Child Behavior Checklist.Results Children with short sleep duration had an increased risk for behavioral problems, thought problems, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition-based attention-deficit hyperactivity problems according to maternal ratings. Based on paternal ratings, short sleep duration was associated with more rule-breaking and externalizing symptoms. Irregularity in sleep duration from weekdays to weekends was associated with an increased risk for specifically internalizing symptoms in paternal ratings.Conclusions The results highlight the importance of sufficient sleep duration and regular sleep patterns from weekdays to weekends. Short sleep duration was associated specifically with problems related to attentional control and externalizing behaviors, whereas irregularity in sleep duration was, in particular, associated with internalizing problems.
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The effect of sleep impairment differs greatly from one individual to another, but can be distressing to both the child and the family and may give rise to behavioural and learning difficulties in the daytime.
“The effect of sleep impairment differs greatly from one individual to another, but can be distressing to both the child and the family and may give rise to behavioural and learning difficulties in the daytime [103, 107].”
From European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [107]
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“Sleep movement [55,56], regularity of sleep [57,58], sleep disturbances [20], and sleep pressure [59] were used in sleep research to evaluate sleep patterns.”
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Uebergang, L. K., Arnup, S. J., Hiscock, H., Care, E., & Quach, J. (2017) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2017.02.006 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Study protocol RapMusicTherapy for emotion regulation in a school setting
Uhlig, S., Jansen, E., & Scherder, E. (2015) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735615608696 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“(El-Sheikh & Buckhalt, 2005) and sleep duration and regularity associated with behavioral problems (Pesonen et al., 2010) can be studied.”
BackgroundReynolds, K. C., Patriquin, M. A., Alfano, C. A., Loveland, K. A., & Pearson, D. A. (2017) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2017.04.003 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…with impairments in academic or occupational achievement (Dewald, Meijer, Oort, Kerkhof, & Bögels, 2010), emotional and behavioral functioning (Pesonen et al., 2010), family cohesion (Bell & Belsky, 2008; Simard, Nielsen, Tremblay, Boivin, &Montplaisir, 2008), and neuropsychological abilities…”
BackgroundBélanger, M., Bernier, A., Simard, V., Desrosiers, K., & Carrier, J. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1079782 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“However, studies with older children have repeatedly shown that sleep duration also plays an important role for emotion regulation and behavioral adjustment (e.g., Paavonen et al., 2009; Pesonen et al., 2010).”
BackgroundA developmental perspective on sleep consistency: Preschool age through emerging adulthood
Nicholson, L. M., Bohnert, A. M., & Crowley, S. J. (2022) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2021.2024192 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Rubens, S. L., Fite, P. J., Cooley, J. L., & Canter, K. S. (2014) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21648 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“An emerging body of research also indicates that insufficient sleep and other indices of sleep disturbances are associated with externalizing problems, including aggression, substance use, and delinquency, among children and adolescents (e.g., Aronen, Paavonen, Fjallberg, Soininen, & Torronen, 2000; Gregory & O’Connor…”
BackgroundIncome, ethnicity, and sleep: Coping as a moderator.
El‐Sheikh, M., Kelly, R. J., Sadeh, A., & Buckhalt, J. A. (2014) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036699 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Insufficient (Pesonen et al., 2010) and poor sleep continuity (Sadeh, Raviv, & Gruber, 2000) are highly prevalent in children.”
BackgroundQuach, J., Price, A. M. H., Bittman, M., & Hiscock, H. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.006 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Muller, D., Paine, S., Wu, L. J., & Signal, T. L. (2019) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2019.05.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ali, N., Rigney, G., Weiss, S. K., Brown, C. A., Constantin, E., Godbout, R., Hanlon‐Dearman, A., Ipsiroglu, O., Reid, G. J., Shea, S. E., et al. (2018) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2017.12.008 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Participants agreed that the intervention should include: (1) modifications for nonverbal children; (2) considerations for children with CP who experience pain at night; (3) information about dealing with anxiety, (4) modifications for communication difficulties; (5) special considerations for children who are enteral…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGrowth in Body Mass Index From Childhood Into Adolescence
El‐Sheikh, M., Bagley, E. J., Keiley, M. K., & Erath, S. A. (2014) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431613519499 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Insufficient (Hart, Larose, Fava, James, & Wing, 2012; Pesonen et al., 2010) and poor quality sleep (Sadeh, Dahl, Shahar, & Rosenblat-Stein, 2009) are highly prevalent in youth, and literature establishing their links with BMI is on the rise.”
BackgroundJust five more minutes please: electronic media use, sleep and behaviour in young children
Séguin, D. G., & Klimek, V. (2015) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2015.1071528 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“An epidemiological study of 8-year-old children by Pesonen et al. (2010) revealed a similar negative correlation between sleep duration and problem-solving ability, attention and ADHD-like symptoms.”
BackgroundSleep Disturbances and Behavior Problems in Children With and Without Arthritis
Ward, T. M., Sonney, J., Ringold, S., et al. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2014.03.022 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Previous studies report associations between more disturbed sleep including trouble falling asleep and bedtime resistance, and more anxious/withdrawn behavior (Gregory et al., 2005; Pesonen et al., 2010; Touchette, et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSleep in Infancy Predicts Gender Specific Social-Emotional Problems in Toddlers
Saenz, J., Yaugher, A. C., & Alexander, G. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2015.00042 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Moreover, short sleep durations have been associated with more attention and externalizing problems, while irregularity in sleep duration has been associated with more internalizing problems in 8-year-old children (11).”
BackgroundPhysical Activity and Psychiatric Problems in Children
Martikainen, S., Pesonen, A., Lahti, J. M. T., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.03.037 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationPesonen, A., Martikainen, S., Kajantie, E., Heinonen, K., Wehkalampi, K., Lahti, J. M. T., Strandberg, T. E., & Räikkönen, K. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep and psychiatric symptoms in young child psychiatric outpatients
Huhdanpää, H., Klenberg, L., Westerinen, H., Fontell, T., & Aronen, E. T. (2017) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104517718366 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Population-based studies have shown that sleep problems are strongly associated with many types of psychiatric symptoms in preschool- and schoolaged children (Calhoun et al., 2016; Maasalo et al., 2016; Paavonen et al., 2002; Pesonen et al., 2010; Reid et al., 2009; Vélez-Galarraga et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBayes, D. M., & Bullock, B. (2019) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep2010002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“[15] found that short sleep duration and other sleep difficulties in 280 children aged eight years old were associated with higher hyperactivity/impulsivity scores from parent‐reports.”
BackgroundKeller, P. S., Gilbert, L. R., Haak, E. A., Bi, S., & Smith, O. A. (2017) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2017.01.004 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sleep and cognitive performance: The role of income and respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity
Elmore‐Staton, L., Hinnant, J. B., Buckhalt, J. A., & El‐Sheikh, M. (2014) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21247 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Eyuboglu, M., & Eyuboglu, D. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2017.1368365 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sleep duration and RSA suppression as predictors of internalizing and externalizing behaviors
Cho, S., Philbrook, L. E., Davis, E. L., & Buss, K. A. (2016) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21467 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“, 2007, 2009) and rule-breaking behaviors (Pesonen et al., 2010), reduced sleep at age two was associated with greater externalizing behavior problems a year later.”
BackgroundDaily dynamics in sleep and behavior of young African-American children: A convoluted dyad?!
Spruyt, K., Alaribe, C. U., & Nwabara, O. U. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.11.003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Muratori, P., Menicucci, D., Lai, E. Y., Battaglia, F., Bontempelli, L., Chericoni, N., & Gemignani, A. (2019) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-019-00547-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lo, K. K.-H., Keung, V. M. W., Cheung, C. K. M., Tam, W., & Lee, A. (2019) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2018.0319 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sadek, J. R. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13111522 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Some studies have suggested that a short sleep duration correlates with ADHD-like symptoms and behaviors scored by parents [71,72] and teachers [73].”
Trends in Timing of Sleep in the General Population of Norway: 1980 to 2000
Sivertsen, B., Øverland, S. N., & Pallesen, S. (2011) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/02.06.13.pms.113.5.509-518 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Khazaie, H., Zakiei, A., Rezaei, M., Komasi, S., & Brand, S. (2018) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2018.12.007 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chan, W. S., Bates, J. E., Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Dick, D. M., & Latendresse, S. J. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.123 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Does schedule irregularity affect productivity? Evidence from random assignment into college classes
Lusher, L. R., Yasenov, V. I., & Luong, P. (2019) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.06.004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Follesø, H. S., Austad, S. B., Olsen, A., & Saksvik‐Lehouillier, I. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.025 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Muller, D., Signal, T. L., Elder, D. E., & Gander, P. H. (2016) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.13268 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fehr, K. K., Chambers, D. E., & Ramasami, J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-020-09703-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tsai, S.-Y., Tung, Y., Huang, C.-M., & Lee, C. (2023) · Research in Nursing and Health · doi:10.1002/nur.22308 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pandey, S., Bhattarai, S., & Bhatta, A. (2020) · Sleep Disorders · doi:10.1155/2020/8846288 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Sleep problems, consequently, can lead to inattention [7, 8] and hyperactivity among children leading to daytime sleepiness [7].”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 on the sleep-wake patterns of preschool children
Wong, O. Y., Au, C. T., Yuen, H. M., Yu, K. N., Lan, Q.-Y., Chan, N. Y., Tsang, C. C., Li, A. M., & Chan, K. C. C. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.10.012 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Nighttime sleep duration and preschool children’s behavioral problems
Kim, Y. (2015) · Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education · doi:10.18023/kjece.2015.35.1.016 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hammam, N., Sadeghi, D., Carson, V., Tamana, S. K., Ezeugwu, V. E., Chikuma, J., van Eeden, C., Brook, J. R., Lefebvre, D. L., Moraes, T. J., et al. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa117 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Torres‐Lopez, L. V., Cadenas‐Sánchez, C., Migueles, J. H., Henriksson, P., Löf, M., & Ortega, F. B. (2022) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.03.006 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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“For example, the total hours of sleep could be examined [41,43].”
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“For instance, while a reduced sleep duration is related to externalizing behavior, irregularity in sleep duration may rather lead to internalizing problems [21].”
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Sleep problems and their implications from preschool to school age
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Sleep and mental health in children and adolescents
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Feasibility of a Single-Subject Protocol to Shift Young Children’s Sleep Schedules
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Predictors and Consequences of Disruptions in Sleep among Children
Kelly, R. J. (2012)
Sleep, physical activity, and health in children - a developmental perspective
Martikainen, S. (2014) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Dekker, J. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-011-9189-y
- Authors
- Pesonen, A.-K., Räikkönen, K., Paavonen, E. J., Heinonen, K., Komsi, N., Lahti, J., Kajantie, E., Järvenpää, A.-L., & Strandberg, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- Oulu University Hospital (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Pesonen, Anu-Katriina
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Behavioral Medicine
- Published
- 2009-10-21
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 298-305
- ISSN
- 1070-5503 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7558
- OpenAlex
- W2008428610
- Semantic Scholar
- 74dc6cbcb519961a2a78767921efc0f194b4ff45
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep duration, sleep regularity, sleep irregularity, behavioral problems, emotional problems, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, rule violations, children, actigraphy, Child Behavior Checklist, parent ratings, attentional control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Fathers, Female, Finland, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Mothers, Surveys and Questionnaires, Registries, Risk Factors, Sampling Studies, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Time Factors
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