The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Structural validity and reliability of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Evidence from a large Brazilian community sample
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Positive and negative affect are the two psychobiological-dispositional dimensions reflecting proneness to positive and negative activation that influence the extent to which individuals experience life events as joyful or as distressful. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a structured questionnaire that provides independent indexes of positive and negative affect. This study aimed to validate a Brazilian interview-version of the PANAS by means of factor and internal consistency analysis. METHODS: A representative community sample of 3,728 individuals residing in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, voluntarily completed the PANAS. Exploratory structural equation model analysis was based on maximum likelihood estimation and reliability was calculated via Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: Our results provide support for the hypothesis that the PANAS reliably measures two distinct dimensions of positive and negative affect. CONCLUSION: The structure and reliability of the Brazilian version of the PANAS are consistent with those of its original version. Taken together, these results attest the validity of the Brazilian adaptation of the instrument.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“PANAS has good reliability and validity in its versions in English (Watson et al., 1988), Spanish (Ortuño-Sierra et al., 2015), Brazilian Portuguese (De Carvalho et al., 2013), and Dutch (De Engelen et al., 2006).”
From Internet-based self-administered intervention to reduce anxiety and depression symptomatology and improve well-being in 7 countries: protocol of a randomized control trial (2024) · cites this paper as De Carvalho et al., 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Russell, J. A. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077714 · Cited by 16,334
Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion.
Russell, J. A. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.145 · Cited by 6,113
The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation
Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-5-63 · Cited by 5,031
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510903008204 · Cited by 2,701
Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.820 · Cited by 2,103
Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.97.3.346 · Cited by 1,795
Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S. J., Joiner, T. E., Rudolph, K. D., Potter, K. I., Lambert, S. F., Osborne, L. N., & Gathright, T. (1999) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.326 · Cited by 1,153
On the Dimensional and Hierarchical Structure of Affect
Tellegen, A., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00157 · Cited by 837
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Sandín B, 1999, [The PANAS scales of positive and negative affect: factor analytic validation and cross-cultural convergence], Psicothema, 11, 37
- Giacomoni CH, 1997, A mensuração do bem-estar subjetivo: escala de afeto positivo e negativo e escala de satisfação de vida [abstract], 313
- Krohne HW, 1996, [Investigations with a German version of the positive and negative affect Schedule (PANAS)], Diagnostica, 42, 139
- Giacomoni CH, 2006, [Positive and negative affect schedule for children: development and validation studies], Psicol Esc Educ, 10, 235
- Damásio BF, 2012, Refinement and psychometric properties of the eight-item Brazilian positive and negative affect scale for children (PANAS-C8), J Happiness Stud, 1
- Albuquerque AS, 2004, [Development of a subjective well-being scale], Psic: Teor e Pesq, 20, 153
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–126 of 126
Beyond Fear: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Patients Fail to Engage in Safety CuesPreprint
Bastos, A. F., da Silva, L. M., de Oliveira, J. M., Oliveira, L., Pereira, M. G., Figueira, I. L. D. V., Mendlowicz, M. V., Berger, W., da Luz, M., Campos, B., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4017057
Fernandes, O., da Silva, R. M., Ramos, L. R., Gama, T. M., Lobo, I., Souza, G. G. L., & Sanchez, T. A. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22877 · Cited by 1
Emoções desencadeadas pela pandemia influenciaram nossa percepção de valor?
Tambosi, G., Tontini, G., & Gomes, G. (2023) · ReMark - Revista Brasileira de Marketing · doi:10.5585/remark.v22i1.20158 · Cited by 1
Pereira, J. L., Ulisses, S. M. V., Bianco, O. M. D., & Lukášová, K. (2023) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/1982-0275202340e200213
Costa, A. D. S. (2023) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.47.2023.tde-12092023-164307
Complementary Care to Promote Mental Health
(2023) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-3974-3
Evaluation of a Cognitive Behavioural Coaching Programme for Secondary School Students
Friedel, C. (2024) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.25263076 · Cited by 1
Cruz, G., da Costa, M. R., & da Silva, L. C. R. P. (2024) · Revista Interfaces Saúde Humanas e Tecnologia · doi:10.16891/2317-434x.v12.e3.a2024.pp4402-4411
Cardiac and Electrodermal Responses to Threats: Modulation by Childhood Sexual Abuse History
Xavier, M., Machado, A. V., Volchan, E., Oliveira, L., Portugal, L. C. L., Souza, G. G. L., Erthal, F. S., Gonçalves, R., Gama, C. M. F., Alves, R. D. C. S., et al. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100499
Ruíz, N. F. O., Gómez, N. N., Pérez-García, M.-A., & Vicente, J. M. M. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6717889/v1
Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (PANAS) Versão Cabo-verdiana
Fortes, A. M. (2025) · ID on line REVISTA DE PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.14295/idonline.v19i78.4255
Nathan, M., Spagnolo, P. A., Grant, L. K., Rahman, S. A., Gonsalvez, I., Harder, J., Kim, H., Wiley, A., & Joffe, H. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107690 · Cited by 1
Goulart, A. C., Leite, C. D. C., Suemoto, C. K., Otaduy, M. C. G., Rimkus, C. D. M., Conforto, A. B., Wang, Y., Brunoni, A. R., Pereira, A. D. C., Krieger, J. E., et al. (2025) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000549629 · Cited by 1
Hovmand, O. R., Reinholt, N., Christensen, A. B., Eskildsen, A., Bach, B., Arendt, M. C. B. B., Poulsen, S., Hvenegaard, M., & Arnfred, S. M. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24804298
Bien-être subjectif et indécision vocationnelle : une comparaison interculturelle.
Sovet, L. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/418f00cbz134dz46ebza805z2238008519bb
Campos, R. E. D. S., Souza, M. T. R., Lemos, T., & Felício, L. R. (2026) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2026.03.037
Personality and spatial familiarity interact to shape affective responses in urban parks: a VR study
Liu, J., Hu, H., Jiang, M., & Jia, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1700552
Affective States and Temporal Alterations in Women with PCOS During the Early Follicular Phase
Şen, G. C., Kurtaran, N. E., & Öztürk, L. (2026) · Genel Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.54005/geneltip.1818865
Lin, Y., Zhong, W., Meiling, Y., Yu, Y., Tang, L., Fan, X., Wei, J., Li, J., & Li, Y. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0352526
Effects of heart rate variability biofeedback training in older adults: a randomized pilot trial
de Souza, P. M., Oliveira, M. E. F., Sanchez, T. A., Nórte, C. E., Mocaiber, I., Bearzoti, E., & Souza, G. G. L. (2026) · Geriatrics Gerontology and Aging · doi:10.53886/gga.e0000484_en
Religiosity as a predictor of moral judgment and the effect of social connectedness on forgiveness
Rabelo, A. L. A. (2014) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Metadata
- Authors
- Carvalho, H. W. D., Andreoli, S. B., Lara, D. R., Patrick, C. J., Quintana, M. I., Bressan, R. A., Melo, M. F. D., Mari, J. D. J., & Jorge, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (BR)
- Universidade Católica de Santos (BR)
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Florida State University (US)
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (BR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
- Publisher
- EDITORA SCIENTIFIC
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 169-172
- ISSN
- 1516-4446 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1973909711
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 5.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- PANAS, positive affect, negative affect, questionnaire validation, Brazilian adaptation, factor structure, internal consistency, community sample
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Aged, Brazil, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reference Values, Translating, Reproducibility of Results, Likelihood Functions, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
