SiamFC++: Towards Robust and Accurate Visual Tracking with Target Estimation Guidelines
Open accessAbstract
Visual tracking problem demands to efficiently perform robust classification and accurate target state estimation over a given target at the same time. Former methods have proposed various ways of target state estimation, yet few of them took the particularity of the visual tracking problem itself into consideration. Based on a careful analysis, we propose a set of practical guidelines of target state estimation for high-performance generic object tracker design. Following these guidelines, we design our Fully Convolutional Siamese tracker++ (SiamFC++) by introducing both classification and target state estimation branch (G1), classification score without ambiguity (G2), tracking without prior knowledge (G3), and estimation quality score (G4). Extensive analysis and ablation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed guidelines. Without bells and whistles, our SiamFC++ tracker achieves state-of-the-art performance on five challenging benchmarks(OTB2015, VOT2018, LaSOT, GOT-10k, TrackingNet), which proves both the tracking and generalization ability of the tracker. Particularly, on the large-scale TrackingNet dataset, SiamFC++ achieves a previously unseen AUC score of 75.4 while running at over 90 FPS, which is far above the real-time requirement.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.90 · Cited by 235,474 · see citing works
ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks
Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E. (2017) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3065386 · Cited by 112,155 · see citing works
Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks
Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., & Sun, J. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1506.01497 · Cited by 70,812 · see citing works
Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks
Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., & Sun, J. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2016.2577031 · Cited by 56,035 · see citing works
You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection
Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R., & Farhadi, A. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.91 · Cited by 53,803 · see citing works
Going deeper with convolutions
Szegedy, C., Liu, W., Jia, Y., Sermanet, P., Reed, S., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Vanhoucke, V., & Rabinovich, A. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298594 · Cited by 48,562 · see citing works
Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Context
Lin, T.-Y., Maire, M., Belongie, S., Hays, J., Perona, P., Ramanan, D., Dollár, P., & Zitnick, C. L. (2014) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10602-1_48 · Cited by 45,460 · see citing works
ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge
Russakovsky, O., Deng, J., Su, H., Krause, J., Satheesh, S., Ma, S., Huang, Z., Karpathy, A., Khosla, A., Bernstein, M., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-015-0816-y · Cited by 39,380 · see citing works
(2016) · Cited by 31,590 · see citing works
Focal Loss for Dense Object Detection
Lin, T.-Y., Goyal, P., Girshick, R., He, K., & Dollar, P. (2017) · 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2017.324 · Cited by 30,581 · see citing works
Focal Loss for Dense Object Detection
Lin, T.-Y., Goyal, P., Girshick, R., He, K., & Dollar, P. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2018.2858826 · Cited by 9,556 · see citing works
Cascade R-CNN: Delving into High Quality Object Detection
Cai, Z., & Vasconcelos, N. (2017) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1712.00726 · Cited by 7,408 · see citing works
Cascade R-CNN: Delving Into High Quality Object Detection
Cai, Z., & Vasconcelos, N. (2018) · 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00644 · Cited by 7,370 · see citing works
FCOS: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detection
Tian, Z., Shen, C., Chen, H., & He, T. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2019.00972 · Cited by 7,013 · see citing works
High-Speed Tracking with Kernelized Correlation Filters
Henriques, J. F., Caseiro, R., Martins, P., & Batista, J. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2014.2345390 · Cited by 5,753 · see citing works
Fully-Convolutional Siamese Networks for Object Tracking
Bertinetto, L., Valmadre, J., Henriques, J. F., Vedaldi, A., & Torr, P. H. S. (2016) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48881-3_56 · Cited by 4,546 · see citing works
Online Object Tracking: A Benchmark
Wu, Y., Lim, J., & Yang, M.-H. (2013) · 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2013.312 · Cited by 4,138 · see citing works
CornerNet: Detecting Objects as Paired Keypoints
Law, H., & Deng, J. (2018) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01264-9_45 · Cited by 3,852 · see citing works
Visual object tracking using adaptive correlation filters
Bolme, D., Beveridge, J. R., Draper, B. A., & Lui, Y. M. (2010) · 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2010.5539960 · Cited by 3,406 · see citing works
High Performance Visual Tracking with Siamese Region Proposal Network
Li, B., Yan, J., Wu, W., Zhu, Z., & Hu, X. (2018) · 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00935 · Cited by 3,023 · see citing works
Learning Multi-domain Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Tracking
Nam, H., & Han, B. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.465 · Cited by 2,806 · see citing works
ECO: Efficient Convolution Operators for Tracking
Danelljan, M., Bhat, G., Khan, F. S., & Felsberg, M. (2017) · 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.733 · Cited by 2,805 · see citing works
SiamRPN++: Evolution of Siamese Visual Tracking With Very Deep Networks
Li, B., Wu, W., Wang, Q., Zhang, F., Xing, J., & Yan, J. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00441 · Cited by 2,607 · see citing works
A Benchmark and Simulator for UAV Tracking
Mueller, M., Smith, N., & Ghanem, B. (2016) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46448-0_27 · Cited by 1,944 · see citing works
GOT-10k: A Large High-Diversity Benchmark for Generic Object Tracking in the Wild
Huang, L., Zhao, X., & Huang, K. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2019.2957464 · Cited by 1,809 · see citing works
LaSOT: A High-Quality Benchmark for Large-Scale Single Object Tracking
Fan, H., Lin, L., Yang, F., Chu, P., Deng, G., Yu, S., Bai, H., Xu, Y., Liao, C., & Ling, H. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00552 · Cited by 1,742 · see citing works
Self-citationUnitBox: An Advanced Object Detection Network
Yu, J., Jiang, Y., Wang, Z., Cao, Z., & Huang, T. (2016) · Proceedings of the 24th ACM international conference on Multimedia · doi:10.1145/2964284.2967274 · Cited by 1,731 · see citing works
Self-citationATOM: Accurate Tracking by Overlap Maximization
Danelljan, M., Bhat, G., Khan, F. S., & Felsberg, M. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00479 · Cited by 1,591 · see citing works
Understanding the Effective Receptive Field in Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Luo, W., Li, Y., Urtasun, R., & Zemel, R. (2017) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1701.04128 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
Distractor-Aware Siamese Networks for Visual Object Tracking
Zhu, Z. D., Wang, Q., Li, B., Wu, W., Yan, J., & Hu, W. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01240-3_7 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
TrackingNet: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Object Tracking in the Wild
Müller, M., Bibi, A., Giancola, S., Alsubaihi, S., & Ghanem, B. (2018) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01246-5_19 · Cited by 1,192 · see citing works
Acquisition of Localization Confidence for Accurate Object Detection
Jiang, B., Luo, R., Mao, J., Xiao, T., & Jiang, Y. (2018) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01264-9_48 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
The Sixth Visual Object Tracking VOT2018 Challenge Results
Kristan, M., Leonardis, A., Matas, J., Felsberg, M., Pflugfelder, R., Zajc, L. Č., Vojír, T., Bhat, G., Lukežič, A., Eldesokey, A., et al. (2018) · ECCV Workshops · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11009-3_1 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Self-citationYouTube-BoundingBoxes: A Large High-Precision Human-Annotated Data Set for Object Detection in Video
Real, E., Shlens, J., Mazzocchi, S., Pan, X., & Vanhoucke, V. (2017) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.789 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
DenseBox: Unifying Landmark Localization with End to End Object Detection
Huang, L., Yang, Y., Deng, Y., & Yu, Y. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1509.04874 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
DetNet: Design Backbone for Object Detection
Li, Z., Peng, C., Yu, G., Zhang, X., Deng, Y. S., & Sun, J. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01240-3_21 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Self-citationSiamRPN++: Evolution of Siamese Visual Tracking with Very Deep NetworksPreprint
Li, B., Wu, W., Wang, Q., et al. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1812.11703 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Henriques, J.; Caseiro, R.; Martins, P.; and Batista, J. 2014. Highspeed tracking with kernelized correlation filters. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 37.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chen, X., Yan, B., Zhu, J., Wang, D., Yang, X., & Lu, H. (2021) · 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.00803 · Cited by 1,588 · see citing works
“Some further improvements have been made, such as adding additional branches [42, 45], using deeper architectures [21], exploiting anchor-free architectures [44, 48], and so on.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLearning Spatio-Temporal Transformer for Visual Tracking
Yan, B., Peng, H., Fu, J., Wang, D., & Lu, H. (2021) · 2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv48922.2021.01028 · Cited by 1,280 · see citing works
“The tracking pipelines of previous trackers [25, 51, 60, 47] are complicated.”
BackgroundMethodLightTrack: Finding Lightweight Neural Networks for Object Tracking via One-Shot Architecture Search
Yan, B., Peng, H., Wu, K., Wang, D., Fu, J., & Lu, H. (2021) · 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01493 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Towards Accurate Pixel-wise Object Tracking by Attention Retrieval
Zhang, Z., Li, B., Hu, W., & Peng, H. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2008.02745 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Xu, Y., Wang, Z., Li, Z., Yuan, Y., & Yu, G.
- Affiliations
- Zhejiang University (CN)
- Megvii (China) (CN)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence
- Published
- 2020-04-03
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 07
- Pages
- 12549-12556
- ISSN
- 2159-5399 (ISSN-L)
- 2374-3468
- OpenAlex
- W2998434318
- Cited by
- 974
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 125 · 2024: 206 · 2023: 254 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 23
- FWCI
- 45.86
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.aaai.org/ (unspecified)
- Locations
- Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- AAAI Publications (The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- visual object tracking, SiamFC, Siamese tracker, target state estimation, real-time tracking, LaSOT
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review