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The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study
Open accessAbstract
Fear of negative evaluation is an important risk factor for adolescents’ social anxiety and psychological well-being. However, intervention studies focusing on post-modern approaches such as Narrative therapy are limited. This mixed-methods study used a sequential explanatory intervention design to examine the effectiveness of group counseling with and without outsider witness practice in Narrative therapy. The study group consisted of 24 adolescents assigned to experimental group 1, experimental group 2, and the control group. Quantitative data were collected using the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, and qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews. Both experimental groups showed significant reductions in fear of negative evaluation from pre-test to post-test, and these reductions were maintained at the 10-week follow-up. In contrast, the control group showed no significant change. No statistically significant difference was found between the two intervention conditions. Qualitative findings across the two intervention groups indicated participant-reported improvements in self-awareness, recognition of shared experiences, coping, and sustained benefits. Taken together, the findings suggest that narrative therapy-based group counseling may help reduce adolescents’ fear of negative evaluation. However, the present findings do not demonstrate an additional effect of outsider witness practice beyond narrative therapy-based group counseling without this practice.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This mixed-methods intervention study found that narrative therapy-based group counseling significantly reduced adolescents’ fear of negative evaluation, with gains maintained at 10-week follow-up, but adding outsider witness practice did not produce a statistically significant additional benefit. Qualitative interviews in both intervention groups described perceived cognitive, relational, emotional, and coping benefits.
Key findings
- Both narrative therapy-based groups showed significant pre-test to post-test reductions in Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale scores: experimental group 1 fell from 48.88 to 30.88 and experimental group 2 from 47.38 to 28.88; at follow-up these were 29.00 and 24.50, respectively. The control group changed only from 47.38 to 44.88 at post-test and 44.38 at follow-up.
- Repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant effects for intervention, \(F(2,21)=12.784, p<.05, \eta^2=.549\); time, \(F(2,42)=63.517, p<.05, \eta^2=.752\); and intervention × time, \(F(4,42)=10.487, p<.05, \eta^2=.500\).
- Bonferroni comparisons showed both experimental groups differed significantly from the control group, but experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 did not differ significantly from each other (mean difference +2.67, \(p=1.000\)).
- Qualitative analysis after intervention produced 3 themes and 10 subthemes; follow-up produced 3 themes and 6 subthemes. All 16 participants in the two intervention groups reported at least one positive effect after intervention and at least one continuing positive effect at follow-up.
Methods
- Sequential explanatory mixed-method intervention design with a phenomenological qualitative strand. Participants were 24 10th- and 11th-grade adolescents, randomly assigned to experimental group 1, experimental group 2, or control, with 8 participants per group; each group had 1 male and 7 female adolescents, ages 16–17.
- Screening administered the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale to 454 students; 71 students scoring between +1 and +2 SD above the mean were identified, and 24 volunteers with parental consent and adolescent assent were included.
- Experimental group 1 received narrative therapy-based group counseling with outsider witness practice; experimental group 2 received narrative therapy-based group counseling without outsider witness practice; the control group received no intervention. Quantitative data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, repeated-measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni comparisons; qualitative data came from semi-structured interviews after intervention and at 10-week follow-up, analyzed descriptively, with expert review agreement of 89%.
Limitations
- The paper states that each group had only 8 participants, limiting statistical power to detect differences between the two active intervention conditions; the nonsignificant difference between experimental groups should not be interpreted as equivalence.
- The paper states that participants came from a single high school in Türkiye, had a restricted age range, and included substantially more female than male adolescents, limiting generalizability.
- The paper states that the same researcher delivered both interventions, conducted interviews, transcribed recordings, and completed initial coding; qualitative data from both intervention groups were analyzed within a shared thematic framework, so findings cannot isolate effects uniquely attributable to outsider witness practice. The follow-up was limited to 10 weeks, and fear of negative evaluation was assessed primarily through self-report.
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Claims the paper makes
28 Own result · 25 Own method · 9 Sources not found · 8 Check pending · 8 Own interpretation · 5 Not checked yet · 3 No full text of the sources · 3 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the control group showed no significant change.”
- Also stated in: § Quantitative Findings · plain
“No statistically significant change across the three measurement occasions was found in the control group.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Quantitative Findings · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When time measurements were analyzed, it was found that the time effect was statistically significant between the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up test regardless of the groups (F(2,42) = 63.517;p < .05),and the eta squared effect size was η 2 = .752.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Quantitative Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quantitative findings showed that fear of negative evaluation decreased significantly from pre-test to posttest in both narrative therapy-based intervention groups and that these reductions were maintained at the 10week follow-up.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
“The findings indicate that both forms of narrative therapy-based group counseling were associated with significant reductions in adolescents' fear of negative evaluation, and these reductions were maintained at the 10-week follow-up.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relational and validating experiences theme comprised recognizing the universality of the problem, friendship and solidarity, and being listened to without judgment.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, changes in fear of negative evaluation scores over time differed significantly across the three groups.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Quantitative Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the joint effect (intervention × time) was statistically significant (F(4,42) = 10.487;p <.05), and the eta squared effect size was η 2= .500.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Quantitative Findings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two experimental groups displayed similar patterns of change, and the direct comparison between them was not statistically significant.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The follow-up analysis generated three themes and six subthemes: sustained cognitive and relational change, sustained coping and empowerment, and sustained emotional and experiential benefits.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the 10-week follow-up, the qualitative analysis resulted in three themes and six subthemes: sustained cognitive and relational change, sustained coping and empowerment, and sustained emotional and experiential benefits.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Maintaining acquired skills E1-P3, E1-P4, E1-P6, E1-P7, E2-P1, E2-P2, E2-P6, E2-P7, E2-P8 9
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participant accounts from experimental group 1 were consistent with these theoretically proposed processes.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No statistically significant difference was found between the two intervention conditions.”
- Also stated in: § Quantitative Findings · plain
“However, no statistically significant difference was found between experimental group 1 and experimental group 2.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Quantitative Findings · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The qualitative findings further showed that participants in both intervention groups reported cognitive and personal changes, relational and validating experiences, emotional benefits, and continued coping and empowerment.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cognitive and personal change theme included developing a different perspective, distancing from the problem and empowerment, discovering personal skills, taking action, and reconnecting with memories.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both experimental groups showed significant reductions in fear of negative evaluation from pre-test to posttest, and these reductions were maintained at the 10-week follow-up.”
- Also stated in: § Quantitative Findings · plain
“Bonferroni-adjusted within-group comparisons showed statistically significant reductions in fear of negative evaluation from pre-test to post-test and from pre-test to follow-up in both experimental groups.”
- Also stated in: § Quantitative Findings · hedged
“The differences between post-test and follow-up were not statistically significant, indicating that the reductions observed after the interventions were maintained at the 10-week follow-up.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Quantitative Findings · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sustained emotional and experiential benefits theme included maintaining a sense of well-being and recognizing the continuing value of the group experience.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The emotional and experiential benefits theme included increased overall happiness and gaining a new life experience.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The post-intervention qualitative analysis resulted in three themes and 10 subthemes: cognitive and personal change, relational and validating experiences, and emotional and experiential benefits.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Figure 2. Pre-Test, Post-Test, and Follow-Up Test Score Interaction Graph of Experimental -1, Experimental -2, and Control Groups
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the 10-week follow-up, the sustained cognitive and relational change theme included maintaining the developed perspective and maintaining recognition of the universality of the problem.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sustained coping and empowerment theme comprised maintaining acquired skills and sustaining empowerment against the problem.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similar participant-reported improvements in self-expression, coping, optimism, and well-being have been observed in follow-up studies of adolescent interventions (Eryılmaz & Altınsoy, 2021) and in qualitative evaluations of interventions addressing anxiety-related experiences (Shkel et al., 2023).”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, these accounts represent participants' subjective perceptions and should not be interpreted as evidence that outsider witness practice caused greater change than narrative therapy-based group counseling without this practice.”
- Also stated in: § Implications · plain
“Still, these accounts should not be interpreted as evidence of a distinct causal effect.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Implications · plain
In the paper
“The idea of migration is one of the metaphors used in Narrative therapy (Yıldırım-Kurtuluş & Kurtuluş, 2022).”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yıldırım-Kurtuluş & Kurtuluş, 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The psychological counseling processes of the experimental groups that focused on the outsider witness practice of narrative therapy and those that did not were conducted face-to-face and in the same environment.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Research Design and Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participants were then randomly assigned to experimental group 1, experimental group 2, and the control group, with eight participants in each group.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Participants
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This idea challenges the definition of identity as singular and static (Van De Mieroop, 2017).”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van De Mieroop, 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The 12-item revised version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale-Short Form developed by Leary (1983) was used in the study.”
- Also stated in: § Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) · plain
“The scale was adapted to Turkish culture by Gök and Yalçınkaya-Alkar (2020).”
- Also stated in: § Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) · plain
“As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the scale showed good fit to the proposed unidimensional model (χ2(52) = 103.71,p < .05,χ2/df = 1.99,RMSEA = .064(90% CI = .04-.08), SRMR = .039,GFI = .93,AGFI = .90,NFI = .94,CFI = .97).The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale consisting of a single factor structure was found to be .92.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Leary (1983) source
- Not matchedcites Gök and Yalçınkaya-Alkar (2020)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although expert review of the qualitative framework was used to strengthen analytic credibility, the researcher's multiple roles may have influenced participants' responses or the interpretation of the qualitative data.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study, it is thought that there was a migration between the identity they started group counseling with and the identity after group counseling.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The idea of multiple identities is an issue related to the post-modern stance of Narrative therapy (Besley, 2002).”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Besley, 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The group-specific participant codes and quotations allow the source of each qualitative finding to be identified.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, our identities change according to the meanings we give to the people who enter our lives.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From a theoretical perspective, outsider witness practice is intended to make alternative stories visible, foster connectedness through resonance with similar experiences, and support meaning-making without positioning witnesses as advice-givers (Besley, 2002;Parry & Doan, 1994;White, 2007).”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Besley, 2002 source
- Not matchedcites Parry & Doan, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites White, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participants were not informed about which experimental groups they would be in.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Research Design and Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From a theoretical perspective, outsider witness practice is intended to make alternative stories visible, foster connectedness through resonance with similar experiences, and support meaning-making without positioning witnesses as advice-givers (Besley, 2002;Parry & Doan, 1994;White, 2007).”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Besley, 2002 source
- Not matchedcites Parry & Doan, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites White, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The qualitative findings were used to elaborate the quantitative results by describing how participants in both intervention groups perceived the group counseling process.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Recognizing shared experiences, developing solidarity, and being listened to without judgment are also consistent with therapeutic factors commonly associated with group counseling, including universality, interpersonal learning, group cohesion, and the development of hope (Yalom & Crouch, 1990).”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yalom & Crouch, 1990 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The main purpose of this practice is to sustain change in the therapy room and carry it into the social sphere by connecting with others (I ̇ncir, 2019).”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites I ̇ncir, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to the CFA results, the 12-item unidimensional structure was confirmed on 283 students studying in the 10th and 11th grades of secondary education.”
- Also stated in: § Validation of the scale in Different Study Groups · plain
“However, in this study, the Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was calculated as .94.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Validation of the scale in Different Study Groups
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Validation of the scale in Different Study Groups · plain
In the paper
“Narrative therapy argues that with the migration of identity, the person in the place of origin is different from the person in the place of destination, and that each experience leads to different perspectives on one's life (Ramirez & Monk, 2017).”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ramirez & Monk, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The migration metaphor is frequently preferred in Narrative therapy.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yazıcı, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participants were also drawn from a single high school in Türkiye, represented a restricted age range, and included substantially more female than male adolescents.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is thought that the multiple identities achieved through the re-membering conversations are effective in changing the person's perspective on the fear of negative evaluation.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“White (2007) mentioned that the Narrative therapist should scaffold between what the person who comes for counseling help knows and the information that the person is likely to know.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites White, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the present qualitative findings should be interpreted as participants' perceptions of sustained benefits rather than as independent evidence of long-term efficacy or of an additional effect attributable to outsider witness practice.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the same researcher delivered both interventions, conducted the qualitative interviews, transcribed the recordings, and completed the initial coding.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the intervention included Narrative therapy techniques such as externalizing the problem, analyzing the dominant story, searching for the unique outcome, and re-authoring, fear of positive evaluation and social phobia decreased significantly.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Afrasiabi et al. (2020) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, the findings support the potential usefulness of narrative therapy-based group counseling for adolescents' fear of negative evaluation but do not provide quantitative evidence that incorporating outsider witness practice produces an additional benefit beyond narrative therapy-based group counseling without this practice.”
- Also stated in: § Implications · plain
“However, because no statistically significant difference was found between the two intervention conditions, the present study does not establish that incorporating outsider witness practice provides an additional benefit.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“Therefore, the findings do not demonstrate that incorporating outsider witness practice provides an additional benefit beyond narrative therapy-based group counseling without this practice.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Implications · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A review of the literature shows that there are both preventive and curative intervention studies for fear of negative evaluation, but these studies are mostly based on awareness, skills, and coping (Dogaheh et al., 2011;Uğur, 2018).”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dogaheh et al., 2011 source
- Not matchedcites Uğur, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although expert review of the qualitative framework was used to strengthen analytic credibility, the researcher's multiple roles may have influenced participants' responses or the interpretation of the qualitative data.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Narrative therapy argues that with the migration of identity, the person in the place of origin is different from the person in the place of destination, and that each experience leads to different perspectives on one's life (Ramirez & Monk, 2017).”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ramirez & Monk, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the group counseling process started, a pilot study was conducted to investigate whether the questions developed for this research were working and to prevent possible problems.”
- Also stated in: § Research Design and Procedure · plain
“At the end of the pilot study, it was seen that the questions generally worked and the intervention content was effective.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Research Design and Procedure
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Research Design and Procedure · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the qualitative data from both intervention groups were analyzed within a shared thematic framework, these findings primarily describe participants' experiences of narrative therapy-based group counseling.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the follow-up period was limited to 10 weeks, and fear of negative evaluation was assessed primarily through self-report.”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experimental groups focusing and not focusing on the outsider witness practice of Narrative therapy were conducted under the leadership of the same person (researcher).”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Research Design and Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From a theoretical perspective, outsider witness practice is intended to make alternative stories visible, foster connectedness through resonance with similar experiences, and support meaning-making without positioning witnesses as advice-givers (Besley, 2002;Parry & Doan, 1994;White, 2007).”
§ The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Besley, 2002 source
- Not matchedcites Parry & Doan, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites White, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The stress caused by adaptation to secondary education and preparation for the university exam may affect fear of negative evaluation.
“The reason for this is the possibility that the stress caused by adaptation and the exam may affect the fear of being evaluated negatively.”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentχ²(52) = 103.71reported p < .05 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(52) = 103.71,p < .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.130 · Cited by 10,418
Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027806 · Cited by 3,467
A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale
Leary, M. R. (1983) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167283093007 · Cited by 2,178
Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation scale—revised
Carleton, R. N., McCreary, D. R., Norton, P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2006) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20142 · Cited by 295
Big Five personality development in adolescence and adulthood
Branje, S., van Lieshout, C. F. M., & Gerris, J. (2006) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.596 · Cited by 238
A cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder
Heimberg, R., Brozovich, F. A., & Rapee, R. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394427-6.00024-8 · Cited by 196
Considering comorbidity in social phobia
Chartier, M., Walker, J. R., & Stein, M. B. (2003) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0720-6 · Cited by 147
Foucault and the turn to narrative therapy
(Tina) Besley, A. C. (2002) · British Journal of Guidance & Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069880220128010 · Cited by 86
The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy:
Yalom, I. D., & Crouch, E. C. (1990) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000062723 · Cited by 32
Dogaheh, E. R., Mohammadkhani, P., & Dolatshahi, B. (2011) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/02.21.pr0.108.3.955-962 · Cited by 17
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Ahad, N. A., Yin, T. S., Othman, A. R., & Yaacob, C. R. (2011). Sensitivity of normality tests to non-normal data. Sains Malaysiana, 40(6), 637-641. https://journalarticle.ukm.my/2511/
- Başol, G., Demir, Y., Aldemir, A., & Çakan, O. (2017). Identification or individualization: mothers’ role in adolescent girls’ self-perception. International Journal of Turkish Education Sciences, 2017(9), 141-164. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/goputeb/issue/34356/379945
- Beidel, D.C. (1998). Social anxiety disorder: etiology and early clinical presentation, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(17), 27-32. https://europepmc.org/article/med/9811427
- Creswell, J. W. (2015). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage Publications.
- Dyck, T. (2000). Narrative therapy with individual adults (Master Thesis). National Library of Canada.
- George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update. Boston: Pearson
- Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254742561_Structural_Equation_Modeling_Guidelines_for_Determining_Model_Fit
- İncir, Z. V. (2019). Narrative therapy and search for meaning in spiritual counseling (Master Thesis). Turkish Council of Higher Education, Thesis Center (No: 583390).
- Kurtuluş, E. (2022). Solution focused and narrative therapy family/couple counseling. In M. Kaya (Ed.), Family and couple counseling (pp. 229-256). Nobel.
- Parry, A., & Doan, R. E. (1994). Story re-visions: Narrative therapy in the post-modern world. Guilford Press.
- Steinberg, L. (2016). Adolescence. McGraw‐Hill.
- Uğur, E. (2018). Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy oriented psychoeducational program on fear of negative evaluation (Doctoral thesis). Turkish Council of Higher Education, Thesis Center (No: 517328)
Cited by
Still being checked.
Metadata
- Authors
- Kurtuluş, E., & Düşünceli, B.
- Affiliations
- Mi̇lli̇ Eği̇ti̇m Bakanliği (TR)
- Sakarya University (TR)
- Venue
- Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi
- Published
- 2026-09-29
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 82
- Pages
- 631-647
- ISSN
- 1302-1370 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W7214757928
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 21
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi (publishedVersion)
- DergiPark (Istanbul University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- narrative therapy, group counseling, fear of negative evaluation, social anxiety, adolescents, psychological well-being, self-awareness, coping
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.17066/tpdrd.1950394
- The paper
- Kurtuluş, E., & Düşünceli, B. (2026). The Use of Outsider Witness Practice in Narrative Therapy in Group Counseling: A Mixed Method Study. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1950394
