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Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
Abstract
As essential nutrients, sodium and potassium contribute to the fundamentals of physiology and pathology of human health and disease. In clinical settings, these are two important blood electrolytes, are frequently measured and influence care decisions. Yet, blood electrolyte concentrations are usually not influenced by dietary intake, as kidney and hormone systems carefully regulate blood values. Over the years, increasing evidence suggests that sodium and potassium intake patterns of children and adults influence long-term population health mostly through complex relationships among dietary intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular health. The public health importance of understanding these relationships, based upon the best available evidence and establishing recommendations to support the development of population clinical practice guidelines and medical care of patients is clear. This report reviews evidence on the relationship between sodium and potassium intakes and indicators of adequacy, toxicity, and chronic disease. It updates the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) using an expanded DRI model that includes consideration of chronic disease endpoints, and outlines research gaps to address the uncertainties identified in the process of deriving the reference values and evaluating public health implications.
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Mancia, G., Kreutz, R., Brunström, M., Burnier, M., Grassi, G., Januszewicz, A., Muiesan, M. L., Tsioufis, K., Agabiti-Rosei, E., Algharably, E. A. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003480 · Cited by 3,473
High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease
Fuchs, F. D., & Whelton, P. K. (2020) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14240 · Cited by 1,948
Cheung, A. K., Chang, T. I., Cushman, W. C., Furth, S. L., Hou, F. F., Ix, J. H., Knoll, G. A., Muntner, P., Pecoits-Filho, R., Sarnak, M. J., et al. (2021) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.11.003 · Cited by 1,452
KDIGO 2020 Clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease
de Boer, I. H., Caramori, M. L., Chan, J. C. N., Heerspink, H. J. L., Hurst, C., Khunti, K., Liew, A., Michos, E. D., Navaneethan, S. D., Olowu, W. A., et al. (2020) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.06.019 · Cited by 1,399
KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease
Rossing, P., Caramori, M. L., Chan, J. C. N., Heerspink, H. J. L., Hurst, C., Khunti, K., Liew, A., Michos, E. D., Navaneethan, S. D., Olowu, W. A., et al. (2022) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.008 · Cited by 1,373
Lichtenstein, A. H., Appel, L. J., Vadiveloo, M., Hu, F. B., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Rebholz, C. M., Sacks, F. M., Thorndike, A. N., Van Horn, L., Wylie-Rosett, J., et al. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001031 · Cited by 1,065
Neural Control and Modulation of Thirst, Sodium Appetite, and Hunger
Augustine, V., Lee, S., & Oka, Y. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.040 · Cited by 135
Nutritional Intake and Energy Availability of Collegiate Distance Runners
Beermann, B. L., Lee, D. G., Almstedt, H. C., & McCormack, W. P. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1735570 · Cited by 58
Guidance on Energy and Macronutrients across the Life Span
Heymsfield, S. B., & Shapses, S. A. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2214275 · Cited by 52
Influence of sodium intake and change in sodium intake on plasma-renin in man.
Graudal, N., Hubeck-Graudal, T., & Jurgens, G. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100750 · Cited by 29
A mathematical model of potassium homeostasis: Effect of feedforward and feedback controls
Stadt, M. M., Leete, J., Devinyak, S., & Layton, A. T. (2022) · PLOS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010607 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Division, H. A. M., & National Academies of Sciences, E.
- Venue
- National Academies Press eBooks
- Publisher
- National Academies Press
- Published
- 2019-07-26
- OpenAlex
- W2920410992
- Cited by
- 455
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 53.89
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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