The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Undoing Appropriateness: Raciolinguistic Ideologies and Language Diversity in Education.
Abstract
In this article, Nelson Flores and Jonathan Rosa critique appropriateness-based approaches to language diversity in education. Those who subscribe to these approaches conceptualize standardized linguistic practices as an objective set of linguistic forms that are appropriate for an academic setting. In contrast, Flores and Rosa highlight the raciolinguistic ideologies through which racialized bodies come to be constructed as engaging in appropriately academic linguistic practices. Drawing on theories of language ideologies and racialization, they offer a perspective from which students classified as long-term English learners, heritage language learners, and Standard English learners can be understood to inhabit a shared racial positioning that frames their linguistic practices as deficient regardless of how closely they follow supposed rules of appropriateness. The authors illustrate how appropriateness-based approaches to language education are implicated in the reproduction of racial normativity by expecting language-minoritized students to model their linguistic practices after the white speaking subject despite the fact that the white listening subject continues to perceive their language use in racialized ways. They conclude with a call for reframing language diversity in education away from a discourse of appropriateness toward one that seeks to denaturalize standardized linguistic categories.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As Flores and Rosa (2015) point out, raciolinguistic ideologies perpetuate stigmatization of the language practices of racialized bilinguals and multilinguals.”
From Translanguaging as a political stance: implications for English language education (2022) · cites this paper as Flores and Rosa 2015
In the citing paper
“The problem with the notion of academic English is that it is not a set of empirically and objectively verifiable linguistic features, but, as Flores and Rosa (2015) point out, a category and a categorizing device that emerges as part of broader raciolinguistic ideologies that position”
From Translanguaging as a political stance: implications for English language education (2022) · cites this paper as Flores and Rosa 2015
Citations
Cites
Borderlands/La frontera: the new mestiza
Anzaldúa, G. (2017) · Censored · doi:10.1515/9780773551886-027 · Cited by 10,736
Funds of knowledge for teaching: Using a qualitative approach to connect homes and classrooms
Moll, L. C., Amanti, C., Neff, D., & Gonzalez, N. (1992) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1080/00405849209543534 · Cited by 7,339
Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition
Higgs, T. V., & Krashen, S. D. (1983) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/328293 · Cited by 5,375
Heath, S. B. (1983) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511841057 · Cited by 5,059
Ways with Words: Language, Life and Work in Communities and Classrooms
Paffard, M., & Heath, S. B. (1984) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3121112 · Cited by 4,923
Other people's children: cultural conflict in the classroom
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-6344 · Cited by 3,898
Bilingual education in the 21st century: a global perspective
García, O., Beardsmore, H. B., & Zakharia, Z. (2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-5739 · Cited by 3,559
Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy: A Needed Change in Stance, Terminology, and Practice
Paris, D. (2012) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x12441244 · Cited by 3,335
Language, Power and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire
Cummins, J. (2000) · doi:10.21832/9781853596773 · Cited by 3,185
(2000) · Cited by 3,121
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Cummins J., 2001, C. Baker & N, 26
- Fishman J., 2001, J. Kreeft Peyton, D. Ranard, & S, 81
- Flores N., Journal of Language, Identity, and Education.
- Olsen L., 2010, Reparable harm: Fulfilling the unkept promise of educational opportunity for California's long term English learners. Long Beach: Californians Together
- Rosa J., 2014, R. Rolón-Dow & J, 39
- Silverstein M., 1998, America: Standardization and metaphors of linguistic hegemony. In D. Brenneis & R, 284
- Valadez C., 2000, Bilingual Review, 25, 238
- Valdés G., 2001, J. Kreeft Peyton, D. Ranard, & S, 37
- Valdés G., 1998, Modern Language Journal, 82, 473
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,003
Park, J. S. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190855734.001.0001 · Cited by 45
Codeswitching in the Classroom
MacSwan, J., & Faltis, C. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315401102 · Cited by 49
Family language policy and school language policy: can the twain meet?
Curdt‐Christiansen, X. L. (2022) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2022.2050242 · Cited by 45
Chang‐Bacon, C. K. (2021) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146812112300106 · Cited by 44
White Allies and the Semiotics of Wokeness: Raciolinguistic Chronotopes of White Virtue on Facebook
Delfino, J. B. (2021) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jola.12310 · Cited by 46
Chávez-Moreno, L. C. (2021) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/s11256-021-00628-9 · Cited by 44
(Un)grounded language ideologies: A brief history of translanguaging theory
MacSwan, J., & Rolstad, K. (2024) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069241236703 · Cited by 44
Dávila, L. T. (2019) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12557 · Cited by 44
“How Does a Black Person Speak English?” Beyond American Language Norms
Smith, P. (2019) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831219850760 · Cited by 44
Dorner, L. M., Cervantes‐Soon, C. G., Heiman, D., & Palmer, D. K. (2021) · Language Policy · doi:10.1007/s10993-021-09580-6 · Cited by 44
Molinari, J. (2022) · Bloomsbury Publishing Plc eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781350243958 · Cited by 50
McConnochie, M., & Figueroa, A. M. (2017) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2017.02.005 · Cited by 43
Banter, Male Bonding, and the Language of Donald Trump
Cameron, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108887410.011 · Cited by 44
Standardization in Highly Multilingual National Contexts
Lüpke, F. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108559249.006 · Cited by 43
Athanases, S. Z., Banes, L. C., Wong, J. W., & Martínez, D. C. (2018) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487118778838 · Cited by 43
Weaver, M. M. (2019) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2018.12.005 · Cited by 43
Translanguaging by Design in EFL Classrooms
Escobar, C. F. (2019) · Classroom Discourse · doi:10.1080/19463014.2019.1628789 · Cited by 43
Language Standardization ‘from Above’
Rutten, G., & Vosters, R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108559249.003 · Cited by 46
Tankosić, A., Dryden, S., & Dovchin, S. (2021) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069211035561 · Cited by 42
Raciolinguistic Exceptionalism
Alim, H. S., & Smitherman, G. N. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190845995.013.23 · Cited by 42
Gallagher, M. A., & Scrivner, S. (2024) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543241257533 · Cited by 42
Henderson, K. I. (2018) · Critical Inquiry in Language Studies · doi:10.1080/15427587.2018.1492343 · Cited by 42
Researching Latinxs, racism, and white supremacy in bilingual education: A literature review
Chávez-Moreno, L. C. (2019) · Critical Inquiry in Language Studies · doi:10.1080/15427587.2019.1624966 · Cited by 42
Teachers Learning to Implement Equitable Classroom Talk
Jensen, B., Valdés, G., & Gallimore, R. G. (2021) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x211014859 · Cited by 49
Erling, E. J., & Moore, E. (2021) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2021.1913171 · Cited by 42
World Englishes, translingualism, and racialization in the US college composition classroom
Lee, E., & Alvarez, S. P. (2020) · World Englishes · doi:10.1111/weng.12459 · Cited by 44
Linares, E. (2022) · L2 Journal · doi:10.5070/l214251571 · Cited by 41
Advancing the Science of Teaching Reading Equitably
Jensen, B. (2021) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.409 · Cited by 49
Kutlu, E., Tiv, M., Wulff, S., & Titone, D. A. (2021) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amab072 · Cited by 41
Discrimination in the gig economy: the experiences of Black online English teachers
Curran, N. M. (2023) · Language and Education · doi:10.1080/09500782.2021.1981928 · Cited by 41
Burton, J., Wong, W., & Rajendram, S. (2024) · International Multilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/19313152.2024.2327809 · Cited by 40
Measuring Cultural Dimensions of Classroom Interactions
Jensen, B., Grajeda, S., & Haertel, E. H. (2018) · Educational Assessment · doi:10.1080/10627197.2018.1515010 · Cited by 42
Más allá de poly, multi, trans, pluri, bi: ¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos deltranslingüismo?
Caldas, B., & Faltis, C. J. (2017) · NABE Journal of Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/26390043.2017.12067801 · Cited by 41
Discursive construction of online teacher identity and legitimacy in English language teaching
Ho, W. Y. J. (2023) · Learning Media and Technology · doi:10.1080/17439884.2023.2259295 · Cited by 39
Kehl, J., Ott, P. K., Schachner, M. K., & Civitillo, S. (2024) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2024.104772 · Cited by 39
¿Inglés para la paz? Colonialidad, ideología neoliberal y expansión discursiva en Colombia Bilingüe
Hurie, A. H. (2018) · Íkala Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura · doi:10.17533/udea.ikala.v23n02a09 · Cited by 39
Seltzer, K. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy · doi:10.1002/jaal.966 · Cited by 39
Oliver, R., & Exell, M. (2020) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2020.1713722 · Cited by 39
Buxton, C., & Caswell, L. (2020) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21569 · Cited by 39
Toward an antiracist genre pedagogy: Considerations for a North American context
Accurso, K. F., & Mizell, J. D. (2020) · TESOL Journal · doi:10.1002/tesj.554 · Cited by 43
Soto-Boykin, X. T., Larson, A. L., Olszewski, A., Velury, V., & Feldberg, A. (2021) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/0271121421991222 · Cited by 43
Lauwo, M. S., Accurso, K. F., & Rajagopal, H. (2022) · TESL Canada Journal · doi:10.18806/tesl.v38i2.1359 · Cited by 38
Cinaglia, C., & Costa, P. I. D. (2022) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/00336882221113659 · Cited by 38
Nie, M., Lu, J., Zheng, Y., & Shen, Q. (2022) · Applied Linguistics Review · doi:10.1515/applirev-2022-0136 · Cited by 38
Udupa, S., & Dattatreyan, E. G. (2023) · New York University Press eBooks · doi:10.18574/nyu/9781479819164.001.0001 · Cited by 38
The multiplicities of multilingual interaction
Garcı́a, O. (2018) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2018.1474851 · Cited by 38
Envisioning TESOL through a Translanguaging Lens in the Era of Post-multilingualism
Tian, Z., Aghai, L., Sayer, P., & Schissel, J. L. (2020) · Educational linguistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47031-9_1 · Cited by 38
‘No! I’m going to school, I need to speak English!’: Who makes family language policies?
Kaveh, Y. M., & Sandoval, J. (2020) · Bilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/15235882.2020.1825541 · Cited by 38
Raced Repertoires: The Linguistic Repertoire as Multi-Semiotic and Racialized
Oostendorp, M. (2021) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amab018 · Cited by 38
Christoffersen, K. O. (2019) · International Multilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/19313152.2019.1623637 · Cited by 42
Li, W., & Costa, P. I. D. (2020) · Multilingua · doi:10.1515/multi-2020-0036 · Cited by 37
Research with International Students
Mittelmeier, J., Lomer, S., & Unkule, K. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003290803 · Cited by 49
Translanguaging as a theory, pedagogy, and qualitative research methodology
Donley, K. (2022) · NABE Journal of Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/26390043.2022.2079391 · Cited by 36
de Jong, E., & Gao, J. (2022) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2022.2119072 · Cited by 36
Critical teacher education for equitable learning in multilingual classrooms: a possible way forward
Ojha, L. P., Burton, J., & Costa, P. I. D. (2024) · International Multilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/19313152.2024.2367812 · Cited by 40
Almashour, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1464741 · Cited by 36
Aquino-Sterling, C. R. (2016) · Bilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/15235882.2016.1139519 · Cited by 36
Mena, M., & Garcı́a, O. (2020) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404520000330 · Cited by 41
Broadening the View: Taking up a Translanguaging Pedagogy with All Language–Minoritized Students
Seltzer, K., & Garcı́a, O. (2020) · Educational linguistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47031-9_2 · Cited by 36
Kibler, A. K., Palacios, N. A., Baird, A. S., Bergey, R., & Yoder, M. L. (2016) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2016.06.001 · Cited by 35
Subtirelu, N. C. (2017) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404517000379 · Cited by 35
Maddamsetti, J. (2019) · Journal of Language Identity & Education · doi:10.1080/15348458.2019.1676158 · Cited by 35
Jakubiak, C. (2019) · Anthropology & Education Quarterly · doi:10.1111/aeq.12332 · Cited by 35
Promoting and Problematizing Multi/Plural Approaches in Language Pedagogy
Kubota, R. (2020) · Educational linguistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36983-5_14 · Cited by 41
Racial hierarchy and masculine space: Participatory in/equity in computational physics classrooms
Shah, N., Christensen, J. A., Ortiz, N. A., Nguyen, A.-K., Byun, S., Stroupe, D., & Reinholz, D. L. (2020) · Computer Science Education · doi:10.1080/08993408.2020.1805285 · Cited by 35
Blommaert, J., Smits, L., & Yacoubi, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.004 · Cited by 41
The Necropolitics of Language Oppression
Roche, G. (2022) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-041420-102158 · Cited by 35
Sah, P. K., & Uysal, H. (2022) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2022.101126 · Cited by 35
Translanguaging and Momentarity in Social Interaction
Lee, T. K., & Wei, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.019 · Cited by 35
From mother tongue to English: A language policy shift at a multilingual township school in Gauteng
Sibanda, R., & Tshehla, L. P. (2025) · South African Journal of Childhood Education · doi:10.4102/sajce.v15i1.1598 · Cited by 34
Metz, M. (2018) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085918756714 · Cited by 34
Linguistic imperialism: countering anti Black racism in world language teacher preparation
Austin, T. (2022) · Journal for Multicultural Education · doi:10.1108/jme-12-2021-0234 · Cited by 34
The map trap: Why and how word learning research should move beyond mapping
Wojcik, E. H., Zettersten, M., & Benitez, V. L. (2022) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1596 · Cited by 40
“A lot of them write how they speak”: policy, pedagogy and the policing of ‘nonstandard’ English
Snell, J., & Cushing, I. R. (2022) · Literacy · doi:10.1111/lit.12298 · Cited by 39
Wangdi, J., & Savski, K. (2022) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2022.2115052 · Cited by 34
Aquino-Sterling, C. R., & Rodríguez-Valls, F. (2016) · Multicultural Perspectives · doi:10.1080/15210960.2016.1152894 · Cited by 34
Racialised teaching of English in Asian contexts: introduction
Kubota, R. (2022) · Language Culture and Curriculum · doi:10.1080/07908318.2022.2048000 · Cited by 34
How technology affects instruction for English learners
Altavilla, J. (2020) · Phi Delta Kappan · doi:10.1177/0031721720956841 · Cited by 33
Frieson, B. L. (2021) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2021.1890568 · Cited by 33
Exploring an elementary ESL teacher’s emotions and advocacy identity
Maddamsetti, J. (2021) · International Multilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/19313152.2021.1883792 · Cited by 33
Pushing Past Myths: Designing Instruction for Long‐Term English Learners
Brooks, M. D. (2018) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.435 · Cited by 36
Véliz, L., & Chen, J. (2024) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2024.2352161 · Cited by 32
Voice in L2 writing in the age of AI
Sandstead, M., & Kibler, A. K. (2025) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101212 · Cited by 34
Kanno, Y. (2018) · Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) · doi:10.1080/10824669.2018.1516554 · Cited by 37
Román, D. X., Pastor, A., & Basaraba, D. L. (2019) · Bilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/15235882.2018.1563006 · Cited by 34
The role of translanguaging in establishing school belonging for emergent multilinguals
DeNicolo, C. P. (2019) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2019.1602364 · Cited by 40
Freire, J. A., & Feinauer, E. (2020) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2020.1775778 · Cited by 37
Language, Emotion, and the Politics of Vulnerability
Pritzker, S. E. (2020) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-010220-074429 · Cited by 32
Pacheco, M., & Hamilton, C. (2020) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.585 · Cited by 33
Ríos, C. V. D. L. (2020) · Journal of Language Identity & Education · doi:10.1080/15348458.2020.1795865 · Cited by 35
Pak, V. (2021) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404521000373 · Cited by 32
Global Englishes and TESOL : An Editorial Introduction to Innovating Research and Practice
Rose, H., & McKinley, J. (2024) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.3373 · Cited by 32
Khan, K. (2020) · Ethnicities · doi:10.1177/1468796820971441 · Cited by 31
Herrera, L. Y. (2023) · Language and Education · doi:10.1080/09500782.2023.2203677 · Cited by 31
Mahalingappa, L. J. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104190 · Cited by 31
The Platformization of Writing Instruction: Considering Educational Equity in New Learning Ecologies
Stornaiuolo, A., Higgs, J., Nichols, T. P., LeBlanc, R. J., & de Roock, R. S. (2023) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x241227431 · Cited by 39
Deservingness: Challenging Coloniality in Education and Migration Scholarship
Patel, L. (2015) · Association of Mexican American Educators Journal · Cited by 31
Blum, S. D. (2019) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.13268 · Cited by 32
Cabral, B. (2022) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2022.2069742 · Cited by 36
Language beyond flags: teachers misunderstanding of translanguaging in preschools
Aleksić, G., & Garcı́a, O. (2022) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2022.2085029 · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Flores, N., & Rosa, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Venue
- Harvard Educational Review
- Publisher
- Harvard Education Publishing Group
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 149-171
- ISSN
- 0017-8055 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-5045
- OpenAlex
- W768267441
- Cited by
- 2,829
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 473 · 2024: 383 · 2023: 327 · 2022: 318 · 2021: 311 · 2020: 284 · 2019: 194 · 2018: 109 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 272.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Harvard Educational Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Multilingual Education and Policy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Linguistics and Education Research
- Keywords
- raciolinguistic ideologies, language diversity in schools, linguistic appropriateness, language ideology, racialization, long-term English learners, heritage language learners, language standardization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review