The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 24 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD
Open accessAbstract
This paper analyses the response of female labour force participation to the evolution of labour markets and policies supporting the reconciliation of work and family life. Using country-level data from the early 1980s for 18 OECD countries, we estimate the influence of labour market and institutional characteristics on female labour force participation, and full-time and part-time employment participation. The relationship (interactions, complementarity) between different policy measures is also analyzed, as well as potential variations in the influence of policies across different Welfare regimes. The results first highlight how the increase in female educational attainment, the expansion of the service sector the increase in parttime employment opportunities have boosted women’s participation in the labour force. By contrast, there is no such clear relationship between female employment rates and the growing share of public employment. Employment rates react to changes in tax rates, in leave policies, but the rising provision of childcare formal services to working parents with children not yet three years old is a main policy driver of female labour force participation. Different policy instruments interact with each other to improve overall effectiveness. In particular, the coverage of childcare services is found to have a greater effect on women’s participation in the labour market in countries with relatively high degrees of employment protection. The effect of childcare services on female full-time employment is particularly strong in Anglophone and Nordic countries. In all, the findings suggest that the effect of childcare services on female employment is stronger in the presence of other measures supporting working mothers (as, for instance paid parental leave) while the presence of such supports seems to reduce the effectiveness of financial incentives to work for second earners. The effect of cash benefits for families and the duration of paid leave on female labour force participation also vary across welfare regimes.
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55 Own result · 53 No basis given · 41 Own interpretation · 18 Own method · 6 No full text of the sources · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Sources not found · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The available evidence suggests that, on average, the provision of paid leave produces a slight increase in the proportion of women engaged in paid work ( Del Boca et al., 2007;Jaumotte, 2003;Ruhm, 1998;and, Thévenon and Solaz, 2013).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 14.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Del Boca et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jaumotte, 2003 source
- Supportedcites Ruhm, 1998 source
The Discussion reports that rights to short periods of paid parental leave increase women’s employment-to-population ratios by 3–4 percent, consistent with a slight increase in the proportion employed. The paper notes that some of the measured increase reflects women on leave being counted as employed. (LLM, conf=0.92)
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In the paper
“In particular, the coverage of childcare services is found to have a greater effect on women's participation in the labour market in countries with relatively high degrees of employment protection.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Different policy instruments interact with each other to improve overall effectiveness.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of childcare services on female full-time employment is particularly strong in Anglophone and Nordic countries.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Employment rates react to changes in tax rates, in leave policies, but the rising provision of childcare formal services to working parents with children not yet three years old is a main policy driver of female labour force participation.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Employment rates react to changes in tax rates, in leave policies, but the rising provision of childcare formal services to working parents with children not yet three years old is a main policy driver of female labour force participation.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, there is no such clear relationship between female employment rates and the growing share of public employment.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results first highlight how the increase in female educational attainment, the expansion of the service sector the increase in parttime employment opportunities have boosted women's participation in the labour force.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results first highlight how the increase in female educational attainment, the expansion of the service sector the increase in parttime employment opportunities have boosted women's participation in the labour force.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Employment rates react to changes in tax rates, in leave policies, but the rising provision of childcare formal services to working parents with children not yet three years old is a main policy driver of female labour force participation.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all, the findings suggest that the effect of childcare services on female employment is stronger in the presence of other measures supporting working mothers (as, for instance paid parental leave) while the presence of such supports seems to reduce the effectiveness of financial incentives to work for second earners.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results first highlight how the increase in female educational attainment, the expansion of the service sector the increase in parttime employment opportunities have boosted women's participation in the labour force.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The provision of paid leave makes it more likely that women work full-time rather than part-time.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 46.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, there is some indication of positive interaction between the coverage of childcare services for children under three and two other variables -(paid) leave duration and the strictness of employment protection.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 60.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results do not change significantly when also including control variables with respect to birth rates or variations in GDP per capita.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 43.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, the effect of services seems to diminish when spending on leave is higher, which may reflect a greater use of leave entitlements by women with very young children.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 60.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, spending on childcare is observed to exert a negative influence on part-time work, which suggests that women move from part-time to full-time work if, other things being equal, longer and/or better care is provided.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 47.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, some of the coefficients that were not significant in the baseline model are now found to have a significant influence on female labour force participation.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 64.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the expansion of the service sector appears to be positively correlated with full-time employment (Table 3, Panel A), its effect on part-time employment is less clear (Table 3, Panel B).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 40.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Direct effects with significant coefficients are also often slightly stronger than in the baseline model, which is not surprising because it assumes the effect of the other variables to be equal to zero (Braumoeller, 2004).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 65.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Braumoeller, 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) provide comprehensive support to working parents with very young children (under three years of age).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 28.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 2 indicates that, other things being equal, an increase in the duration of leave is likely to reduce total female labour force participation, while expenditure per childbirth on leave and birth grants appears to have no significant effect.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 45.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, families with a single earner have higher net transfers to governments than those with two equal earners, with for example, the difference in net transfers being highest in Ireland and Mexico where, at this level of earnings net transfers paid by dual-earner families are relatively low.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 25.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, receipt of income support during parental leave and longer durations of paid parental leave both have a negative effect on the incidence of part-time work.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 46.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 4 provides little evidence that policies complement each other -at least in the form of interactions among pairs of institutions.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 60.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, there is some indication of positive interaction between the coverage of childcare services for children under three and two other variables -(paid) leave duration and the strictness of employment protection.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 60.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 2 indicates that, other things being equal, an increase in the duration of leave is likely to reduce total female labour force participation, while expenditure per childbirth on leave and birth grants appears to have no significant effect.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 45.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What's more, there are few interactions among policy components that are robust across the different estimation procedures.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 60.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the positive correlation shown in the two first columns of Table 2, the increased share of women in public employment does not significantly change female labour market participation when the degree of employment protection and other institutional features are held to be constant (Columns 3 to 8).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 41.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is an unambiguous positive correlation between the provision of childcare services for the under-3s and full-time and part-time female participation in the labour market.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 47.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Full-time employment rates do not appear to be sensitive to the duration of leave but they are positively associated with spending on income support during leave.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 46.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Educational attainment -as measured by the average number of years spent in education -also appears to be an important driver of female participation in the labour force (Table 2).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 43.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the expansion of the service sector appears to be positively correlated with full-time employment (Table 3, Panel A), its effect on part-time employment is less clear (Table 3, Panel B).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 40.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“among prime-age women (aged 25-54), participation rates climbed steadily from an average of 54% in 1980 to 71% in 2010.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 9.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites OECD Statistics on Employment
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Columns 4 and 5 in Panel B of Table 3 clearly show a negative correlation between participation in part-time work and stronger employment protection.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 42.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of cash benefits for families and the duration of paid leave on female labour force participation also vary across welfare regimes.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of cash benefits for families and the duration of paid leave on female labour force participation also vary across welfare regimes.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Full-time employment is also sensitive to the amount spent per child on childcare services.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 47.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all, the findings suggest that the effect of childcare services on female employment is stronger in the presence of other measures supporting working mothers (as, for instance paid parental leave) while the presence of such supports seems to reduce the effectiveness of financial incentives to work for second earners.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > SUMMARY
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, receipt of income support during parental leave and longer durations of paid parental leave both have a negative effect on the incidence of part-time work.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 46.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of childcare services is also found to be slightly larger when employment protection legislation is more stringent.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 60.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The shift of employment to the tertiary (service) sector has considerably increased women's job opportunities.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 10.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regressions that control for policy but not for labour-market variables show that female labour force participation and spending on leave and childcare services evolve together.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 5.2 Influence of work-life balance policies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Full-time employment rates do not appear to be sensitive to the duration of leave but they are positively associated with spending on income support during leave.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 46.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Public employment and part-time work are negatively associated (Table 3, Panel B).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 41.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In any case, there is no evidence that general child allowances paid out beyond the period of leave upon childbirth reduce significantly female labour supply through an income effect.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 48.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By and large English-speaking countries (Ireland and the United Kingdom in Europe together with Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States) provide much less in-time and in-kind support to working parents with very young children.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 29.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More striking, however, is the change in the sign of the coefficient for the effect of the duration of paid leave in the equation for female labour force participation: it now turns positive when all other variables are hypothetically set at zero.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 65.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect on part-time participation rates is, however, positive (Table 3, Columns 2, 4 and 5)”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 43.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the analysis provided evidence of variations in the influence of policy characteristics on female labour force participation in different types of welfare state.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 84.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leave duration also has a strong negative impact on female labour force participation and fulltime employment in English-speaking countries”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 74.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leave duration also has a strong negative impact on female labour force participation and fulltime employment in English-speaking countries”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 74.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, there is no such clear relationship between female employment rates and expanding employment in the public sector.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 80.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of service coverage is weaker in continental and southern European countries”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 84.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Female employment appears also to be particularly responsive to financial incentives to work in English-speaking countries”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 85.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, an increase in the duration of paid leave and in the spending on cash benefit appeared to slightly raise female labour force participation over the past decades in Continental and Southern European countries.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 86.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regression results show remarkable differences in the effects different policies generate in different groups of Welfare States on female labour force participation and on full-time employment in particular.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 73.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“public expenditure on leave and birth grants is found to have a strong positive effect on the participation of women in full-time employment in the countries of”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 73.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, there is a very negative association in Continental countries”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 76.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The growing enrolment of children in childcare has enhanced female employment on a full-time and part-time basis.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 82.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of government spending on childcare services is now also unambiguously positive in all employment equations, which includes part-time employment equations where the baseline model had estimated it as insignificant.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 65.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but it has a negative effect in”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 73.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Nordic countries the provision of childcare services for the under 3s is compatible with mother's full-time employment.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 86.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prolongation of paid leave and the associated increase in government spending tend to reduce the proportion of women working full-time in English-speaking countries.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 77.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and to a much lesser extent in Nordic countries where a prolongation of paid leave somewhat increases the likelihood of women working part-time rather than fulltime.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 74.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and to a much lesser extent in Nordic countries where a prolongation of paid leave somewhat increases the likelihood of women working part-time rather than fulltime.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 74.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This helps to explain why expenditure on cash benefits in these countries is found to have a negative effect on full-time female employment.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 77.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Until recently many Anglophone countries included (and Ireland still does) categorical income support for sole parents until their dependent children were in their teens.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Family cash benefits also have a positive influence on female labour force participation and on part-time work especially in Nordic countries”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 73.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Family cash benefits also have a positive influence on female labour force participation and on part-time work especially in Nordic countries”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 73.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extending the duration of paid maternal and/or parental leave particularly lowers the likelihood of working part-time instead of no work.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 82.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, there seems to be a positive association between spending in childcare services and female labour force participation in Southern countries”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 76.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is also a negative association between the enrolment of children under age 3 and part-time employment in the Nordic countries”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 75.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of childcare services coverage for the under-3s can, in particular, be seen to interact positively with the sum of the direct effects of other policy characteristics, which suggests that its influence increases in a context which is more favourable to women's employment.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 66.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And, women are more likely to work part-time when two-earner households are taxed less than oneearner households with a similar income level.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 82.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, the effect of enrolment rates in childcare services on female full-time employment is particularly strong in both”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 75.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, the latter has been found to actually lower participation rates in part-time work”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 80.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The bottom half of Table 5 shows that the effects of other key variables on female labour force participation are also highly dependent on the overall institutional context.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 66.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, the provision of childcare services is found to increase women's participation in the labour market to a greater extent in countries with comparatively long paid leave and/or a high degree of employment protection.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 82.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women's full-time participation in the labour force also appears to be more negatively affected than in other countries by unfavourable tax treatment of second earners in couple families.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 77.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater strictness of employment protection legislation also seems to have slowed down the growth of part-time work.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 80.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasing public spending for paid maternal and/or parental leave tends to raise the incidence of full-time employment relative to part-time work.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 82.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When considered separately from coverage rates, the effect of per-child expenditure on childcare on female labour market behaviour varies considerably across country-groupings.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 76.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater coverage of childcare facilities among children under age 3 helps to raise female labour force participation at full and part-time.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 75.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surprisingly, increased tax rates on second earners seem to have a positive effect on female employment rates.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 78.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, higher public spending on childcare does not necessarily lead to more part-time employment”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 82.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, levels of spending on family benefits per child have no direct bearing on rates of female employment.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 82.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher tax rates on the second earner in a family reduce female labour force participation.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 82.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, the effect of an increased duration of paid leave on female employment is weak but positive in Continental and especially Southern countries”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 74.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the effect of this interaction on Female labour force participation turns from negative in Column 1 to positive in Columns 2 and 3 which control for labour market characteristics”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
plaindirectn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, our panel data set is highly unbalanced -i.e.'mean group' estimation produces high standard errors due to the lack of long time series data for some countries (see Appendix, TableA3).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“taking the mean value of coefficients is associated with large standard errors, and should not be used to test for the homogeneity of the effect of labour market characteristics and policies.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, the combined changes in policy will have a greater effect on female employment than the sum of the marginal effects of isolated changes in policy characteristics.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 61.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, spending on childcare is observed to exert a negative influence on part-time work, which suggests that women move from part-time to full-time work if, other things being equal, longer and/or better care is provided.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 47.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the sensitivity of female labour force participation to public spending is clearly determined by certain labour market properties.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 5.2 Influence of work-life balance policies
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cash transfers and tax-related support that families with children receive may increase household income in such a way that they weaken women's financial incentives to work, and thus their labour market participation.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 21.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Women are often the second earner in households, earning less than their partner.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The public employment coefficient's loss of significance -once controls for both unemployment and the degree of employment protection have been incorporated into the model specification (Panel A, Table 3) -suggests that the three variables are closely but negatively correlated.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 42.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Not surprisingly, it suggests that the provision of formal childcare services is a particularly important incentive for mothers with young children to resume work in countries where longer periods of leave are available; in other words, when there is a high likelihood that there is no gap between the end of the paid leave entitlement and access to affordable childcare of good quality.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 60.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most important, though, is that the above approach may be too narrowly focused on specific policy interactions while, as already ascertained, it is very likely that policy instruments interact with the set of institutions as a whole more than with any of them taken separately.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 61.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, the more (less) female employmentfriendly the overall institutional framework, the greater (smaller) the effect of a given change is likely to be.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 61.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of employment protection, however, is dependent on other institutional variables, as suggested by its coefficient's loss of significance once other policy indicators are factored in (Columns 7 and 8).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 42.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The low coverage of childcare services in these countries is related to the long periods of paid employment-protected leave (Figure 4).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 21.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Part-time work appears to be more likely when there are constraints in the provision of affordable childcare services of good quality.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 47.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The provision of childcare services for children under three years of age plays a prominent role in helping women to balance work commitments and family responsibilities (De Henau et al., 2010;Del Boca et al., 2007;and, Jaumotte, 2003).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 3.2 Childcare services
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More stringent employment protection legislation seems to increase the effect of family policy measures.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 60.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that the efficiency of work-life balance policies is affected by the institutional setting in which they play out.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 60.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the development since the early 1980s of childcare services for children under age 3 has been an important driver of fulltime rather than part-time female employment.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 84.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The negative sign of this interaction suggests -in particular and not surprisingly -that the more employment-friendly the overall setting is, the more the influence of leave duration wanes.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 65.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the exploratory analysis suggests that female labour force participation can react differently to different policy measures depending on the institutional environment in which they play out.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 84.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the significant interactions with the sum of direct effects indicate that the influence of leave duration is closely tied to the overall institutional setting.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 65.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“where it adds to the positive effect that an increase in service coverage has directly.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 76.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of childcare services coverage for the under-3s can, in particular, be seen to interact positively with the sum of the direct effects of other policy characteristics, which suggests that its influence increases in a context which is more favourable to women's employment.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 66.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To address this issue, childcare enrolment rates are instrumented by their lagged values (and by the model's exogenous variables).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 37.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The decision regarding the use of formal childcare is to some extent simultaneous with the choice between work and inactivity.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the negative interaction with the overall institutional context suggests that the influence of taxation weakens the more employment-friendly the policy setting is.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 66.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the decision regarding the use of formal childcare is to some extent simultaneous with the choice between work and inactivity, the use of childcare enrolment rates as a regressor introduces a risk of bias in the estimated coefficients.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 37.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The decision regarding the use of formal childcare is to some extent simultaneous with the choice between work and inactivity.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Policies to encourage two-earner families and help working parents cope with their family commitments are identified as important factors in boosting female labour force participation.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 81.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“specific measures are likely to have different effects in different countries/welfare states.For instance, the effect of policies will vary across Welfare States which assign different roles to men and women and to public policies in providing welfare to families (Esping-Andersen, 1999 andThévenon, 2006).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 66.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Esping-Andersen, 1999 source
- Not matchedcites Thévenon, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which suggests that the provision of such childcare services facilitates the transition from part-time to full-time employment.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 75.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“where the money invested does not actually seem to increase female employment, but merely generate a substitution from informal to formal childcare.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 76.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, the positive effect of the interaction between employment protection legislation and other measures towards a better reconciliation of work and family life work-life complement each other in their positive effect on female employment and labour force participation.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 66.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Especially high-qualified women are also likely to take advantage of the continuity in employment that extended leave provides, as the dualized non-flexible labour markets make re-entyry into work without employment-protected leave more difficult than elsewhere.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 86.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: In Continental and Southern European countries, there are considerable formal childcare constraints and flexible labour market opportunities are more limited than in Anglophone countries.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the absence of acces to affordable formal childcare servies, then upon the expiry of parental leave, mothers will adjust their working hours in view of the cost of (available informal and formal childcare) and their earnings profile.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 85.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“where leave entitlements seem to offer a valuable protection of employment for mothers who often care on a full-time basis for children during their early years.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 74.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
In the paper
“The deviation of a variable from its country-specific means can be considered as a valid instrument when correlation with time-invariant factors is the main source of endogeneity(Hausman and Taylor, 1981).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hausman and Taylor, 1981 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As noted byBassanini and Duval (2009), this deviation is in fact uncorrelated with any time-invariant unobservable variable.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bassanini and Duval (2009) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, however, such dummies do not control for the correlation between included and omitted interactions, as the latter are not likely to be time-invariant.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Insofar as such omitted variables are approximately time-invariant, country dummies (fixed effects) would be expected to control for them in linear specifications such as the baseline used here.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which suggests a close correlation between employment protection legislation and other labour market characteristics.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
hedgedcorrelationaln = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence the risk of the fertility variable to be endogenous to the female employment rate is reduced when using the crude birth rate rather than the total fertility rate.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The errors terms would capture such effects, resulting in a testable cross-sectional dependence of residuals(Pesaran, 2004).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pesaran, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Their labour supply is highly responsive to variations in tax rates, especially when they can easily substitute their market activities with home production (Garibaldi and Wasmer, 2004).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 21.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Garibaldi and Wasmer, 2004 source
Section 3.2, “The Effects of Taxation,” says that reducing taxes shifts women from home production into full-time market activity, and that a high tax wedge encourages movement away from market production when the activities are highly substitutable. Section 2.1 identifies women's market and home production as the model's alternatives. The claim is a qualitative paraphrase; the paper does not quantify the degree of responsiveness. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Women are often the second earner in households, earning less than their partner.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is an unambiguous positive correlation between the provision of childcare services for the under-3s and full-time and part-time female participation in the labour market.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 47.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first three rows of Table 2 show that the growth of employment in the services sector and the rising incidence of part-time work had a positive effect on female labour force participation.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 40.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first three rows of Table 2 show that the growth of employment in the services sector and the rising incidence of part-time work had a positive effect on female labour force participation.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 40.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Countries in Southern Europe are characterised by limited supports for working families and low public spending on family cash benefits, childcares services and thus low childcare participation (Table A1).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 30.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cross-national differences are still wide, however (Figure 1), with female employment rates being persistently high in Denmark and Iceland around 80% and persistently low in Turkey at around 30%.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 9.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Public spending on family cash benefits is sometimes found to have a significant effect on female employment participation, but this finding is not robust across model specifications.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 48.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in the model that separates the effects of full-time and part-time work, each additional year in education appears to lower the chances of working full-time.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 43.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Continental countries form a more heterogeneous group that occupies an intermediate position between the Anglophone and Nordic countries.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 30.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The growth of employment in the services and the rising incidence of part-time work have had a positive effect on female participation in the labour force.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 80.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analysis suggests that policies to foster greater enrolment in formal childcare have a small but significant effect on full-time and part-time labour force participation -and these effects are much more robust than the effects of paid leave or other family benefits.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 81.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, the association between the per child spending in family cash benefits and labour force participation and full-time employment is strongly positive in”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 73.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both in-cash and in-kind support have been found to play a significant role.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 81.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“where increases in the duration of paid leave, and/or the relative tax rates faced by second earners in couple families appear to reduce female employment rates.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 85.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, higher tax rates on second earners discourage women's participation in the labour market, and that effect is tempered in a work-life balance friendly institutional environment.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 82.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, taxing second earners has a negative effect on female labour force participation and full-time employment.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 66.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, the association between the per child spending in family cash benefits and labour force participation and full-time employment is strongly positive in”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 73.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adding these variables as regressors in a pooled OLS model does not give credible results as our panel data set is too unbalanced and generates coefficient estimates with very large standard errors (see Appendix, TableA3).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the last section of this paper provides evidence that not only the magnitude but also the sign of the influence of policy measures varies across Welfare States”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In such a context, additional weeks of paid leave appear to weaken labour force attachment and seem to raise the propensity to work part-time rather than full-time.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 86.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Small sample sizes might prevent the emergence of significant terms.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 61.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This appears to suggest that female labour market participation has expanded through two separate channels: an increase in part-time work in some countries and growth of public employment in others.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 41.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This outcome might reflect the fact that a greater or higher-quality provision of care increases average expenditure per child, so making it easier to work full-time.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 47.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Institutional interplay may thus create complementarities between policies, which suggest that the marginal efficiency of a particular kind of support from one institution is likely to depend on the presence or degree of development of others (Aoki, 1994;Bassanini and Duval, 2006;and, Hall and Soskice, 2001).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 49.
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, the effect of services seems to diminish when spending on leave is higher, which may reflect a greater use of leave entitlements by women with very young children.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 60.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, this analysis has shown that trends in female labour force participation within economies are influenced by: • the structure of the labour market • the institutional setting that supports work-life balance • the improvement in women's average level of educational attainment.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 79.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as it may facilitate moves into full-time work or improve the quality of childcare without affecting hours worked per week.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 82.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It might be the case that in-cash benefits are especially important to cover the fixed cost of mothers' labour force participation at full-time in Continental countries where formal childcare services are relatively scarce (except in France).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 73.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Formal childcare services are relatively scarce in Continental countries (except France).
- The authors state this as an assumption: The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding makes sense in countries where labour markets are flexible in terms of moving in and out of the labour force as well as adjustment of working hours to better fit family needs and constraints, such as high childcare costs.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 85.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Labour markets in English-speaking countries are flexible in terms of moving in and out of the labour force and adjusting working hours to fit family needs.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this context, an increase in the duration of paid leave will attract more women to stay in work until childbirth, and the reward of qualifying for paid leave is strongest for low-income workers, with relatively high replacement rates.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 86.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In Continental and Southern European countries, there are considerable formal childcare constraints and flexible labour market opportunities are more limited than in Anglophone countries.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which seems to suggest that economies have used public employment and part-time work as two separate channels to boost female labour force participation.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 80.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“where the expansion childcare services seems to have merely changed informal into formal provision and have made it somewhat more likely for women to work part-time work.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 84.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results are preliminary, since the data constraints do affect robustness tests.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 84.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this reason, two other model specifications separately address full-time and part-time participation as dependent variables.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 35.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should also be noted that variables are defined in natural logarithms.The only exception the indicator on tax incentives to work part time, which is expressed as percentage increases.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 38.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model is estimated by two-stage least squares with heteroskedasticity-consistent errors.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 38.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The provision of childcare services for the under-3s is essential to raise full-time employment among women in all countries, but its effect varies.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 84.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tax incentives to work part-time are then included in the equation for part-time participation.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 35.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other potentially endogenous variables -also instrumented by their lagged values -are unemployment and birth rates.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 38.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Unemployment and birth rates are potentially endogenous.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these circumstances, increases in leave duration merely postpone working hours decision for a few weeks/months and may reduce female employment rates, as increased leave durations may make employers hesitant to hire many women of childbearing age.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 85.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Increased leave durations may make employers hesitant to hire many women of childbearing age.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This proportion is also instrumented by its lagged values (and by the exogenous variables of the model) in order to limit the potential bias due to endogeneity of part-time work.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 35.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Part-time work is often the result of labour supply decisions, although it can be shaped by demand-side constraints.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The full model includes the incidence of part-time work as an explanatory variable, but its inclusion can introduce a bias into estimates.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 35.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the estimated models include country-fixed effects to focus on the variations over time and within a given country of the relationship between female labour force participation and its determinants.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 38.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other countries also support sole parent families in need, but through general social assistance type payments.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Available information on public spending on early childhood education and care in the United States may also underestimate the true level amount of local government spending on relevant policies.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“estimating a model specification with four couples of multiplicative institutions ( I k , I h ), ( I k , I m ), ( I k , I n ), and ( Ik , I p) would, in fact, involve incorporating a total of 26 interactions terms in the equation -the total number of combinations of two or more variables within a set of five institutions, thereby causing a substantial loss of degrees of freedom.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It also coincides with differences in organisations that provide social protection and welfare support to workers and their families(Esping-Andersen, 1999;Estevez-Abe et al., 2001;and, Soskice, 2005).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data on cash transfers for Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom include spending on categorical income support benefits for sole parent families.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Canada, information on spending by local governments (that are responsible for childcare and pre-school education) is not reported to Federal government.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One approach to account for common factors with heterogeneous factor loadings is to use cross-section averages of the dependent and independent variables as additional regressors(Pesaran, 2006).”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pesaran, 2006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In the”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Enrolment in childcare services:
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Women are often the second earner in households, earning less than their partner.
“Women are often the”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The efficiency of each policy instrument is dependent on the sum of effects that all institutions may have together on labour market decisions.
“One way to test this assumes that the efficiency of each instrument would be dependent on the sum of effects that all institutions may have together on labour market decisions.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions.
“One way to test for systemic interaction is to assume that the efficiency of each policy instrument is linked in a non-linear manner with the sum of the direct effects of all institutions, as expressed by the following equation:”
The paper relies on this without support.
Part-time work is often the result of labour supply decisions, although it can be shaped by demand-side constraints.
“That is because part-time work is often the result of labour supply decisions, although it can be shaped by demand-side constraints.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The decision regarding the use of formal childcare is to some extent simultaneous with the choice between work and inactivity.
“Because the decision regarding the use of formal childcare is to some extent simultaneous with the choice between work and inactivity, the use of childcare enrolment rates as a regressor introduces a risk of bias in the estimated coefficients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Unemployment and birth rates are potentially endogenous.
“Other potentially endogenous variables -also instrumented by their lagged values -are unemployment and birth rates.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Formal childcare services are relatively scarce in Continental countries (except France).
“where formal childcare services are relatively scarce (except in France).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Labour markets in English-speaking countries are flexible in terms of moving in and out of the labour force and adjusting working hours to fit family needs.
“where labour markets are flexible in terms of moving in and out of the labour force as well as adjustment of working hours to better fit family needs and constraints, such as high childcare costs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Increased leave durations may make employers hesitant to hire many women of childbearing age.
“as increased leave durations may make employers hesitant to hire many women of childbearing age.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In Continental and Southern European countries, there are considerable formal childcare constraints and flexible labour market opportunities are more limited than in Anglophone countries.
“In these countries, there are considerable formal childcare constraints while flexible labour market opportuinities are more limited than in Anglophone countries”
The paper relies on this without support.
Until recently many Anglophone countries included (and Ireland still does) categorical income support for sole parents until their dependent children were in their teens.
“Until recently many Anglophone countries included (and Ireland still does) categorical income support for sole parents until their dependent children were in their teens.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The marginal effect of policy variables is conditional on countries' Welfare State context.
“where the marginal effect ( ) of policy variables is now assumed to be conditional on countries' Welfare State context”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The effect of labour market characteristics and policies is homogeneous across countries.
“This fixed-effect approach assumes that the effect of labour market characteristics and policies is homogeneous across countries (a hypothesis which will be further discussed below).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Common shocks (recessions, context of production changes) affect all countries in the same way.
“yearly time dummies control for common shocks (recessions, context of production changes) which are assumed to affect all countries in the same way”
The authors state this as an assumption.
There are no unobserved common 'factors' whose effect may differ across countries.
“it also implicitly assumes that there are no unobserved common 'factors' whose effect may differ across countries.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Part-time 1 female employment rate (women aged 25-54) Overall 27.7 10.8 7.5 60.5 N = 472 Between 10.5 11.5 54.8 n= 18 Within 3.4 17.2 38.3 =22.2”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 34.
Reported 22.2 · recomputed 26.222222
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Additional information
“Spending on leave and birth grants (per childbirth, US$ PPP) Overall 4164 3556 0 1352 N = 132”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Additional information
“Between 3358 174 9272 n= 5”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 66.
“However, the negative interaction with the overall institutional context suggests that the influence of taxation weakens the more employment-friendly the policy setting is.”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Labour force participation
“Tax rate of a second earner 0.349*** (0.106) 0.395*** (0.078) 0.401*** (0.072)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Full-time female employment rate (women aged 25-54) Overall 72.2 10.8 39.4 92.4 N = 472 Between 10.5 45.1 88.4 n= 18 Within 3.4 61.6 82.7 =22.2”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 34.
Reported 22.2 · recomputed 26.222222
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Labour force participation
“Service coverage for children under 3 0.168*** (0.057) 0.111*** (0.030) 0.062** (0.028) 0.130** (0.066) 0.102* (0.056) 0.112*** (0.036) 0.027** (0.049) 0.044 (0.044) ..”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Labour force participation
“Standard errors in brackets.*,**, *** statistically significant at the 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Service coverage for children under age 3 Overall 16.1 9.4 2 35.1 N = 168 Between 7.7 7.9 30.8 n= 18 Within 6.7 3.2 35.2 =13.5”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Additional information
Reported 13.5 · recomputed 28
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 34.
“Spending on childcare services (per child under age 3, US$ PPP) Overall 3314.9 3892.1 0 5392.4N = 504”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > Additional information
“Spending on childcare services (per child under age 3, US$ PPP) Overall 7746 4341 0 19405 N = 112”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Proportion of women among part-time workers 3 Overall 76.4 7.2 59.8 91.9 N = 469 Between 6.7 66.9 87.0 n= 18 Within 3.0 66.9 86.8 = 22.7”
§ OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS No. 145 Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD > 34.
Reported 22.7 · recomputed 26.055556
Citations
Cites
General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels
Pesaran, M. H. (2004) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.572504 · Cited by 8,738
Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage
Porter, P. K., Hall, P. A., & Soskice, D. (2003) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/30040740 · Cited by 7,512
Testing for Weak Instruments in Linear IV Regression
Stock, J. H., & Yogo, M. (2005) · Identification and Inference for Econometric Models · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614491.006 · Cited by 7,211
Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies
Esping-Andersen, G. (1999) · doi:10.1093/0198742002.001.0001 · Cited by 6,253
Understanding Interaction Models: Improving Empirical Analyses
Brambor, T., Clark, W. R., & Golder, M. (2006) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpi014 · Cited by 6,223
Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels
Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. (1995) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/0304-4076(94)01644-f · Cited by 5,479
Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure
Pesaran, M. H. (2006) · Econometrica · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00692.x · Cited by 5,078
(1971) · Cited by 2,327
Panel data and unobservable individual effects
Hausman, J., & Taylor, W. (1981) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/0304-4076(81)90085-3 · Cited by 2,309
Panel Data and Unobservable Individual Effects
Hausman, J. A., & Taylor, W. E. (1981) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1911406 · Cited by 2,264
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [3]3. Aoki M. (1994), "The Contingent Governance of Teams: Analysis of Insitutional Complementarities", International Economic Review, 35: 657-76.
- [45]45. Thévenon, O. (2006), "Régimes d'Etat Social et convention familiale: une analyse des regulations emploi- famille", Economies et Sociétés, série Socio-économie du travail, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 137-71.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Pursuit of Gender Equality
OECD (2017) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/9789264281318-en · Cited by 537
Partners’ Educational Pairings and Fertility Across Europe
Nitsche, N., Matysiak, A., Bavel, J. V., & Vignoli, D. (2018) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-018-0681-8 · Cited by 198
Assaad, R. A., Hendy, R., Lassassi, M., et al. (2020) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2020.43.28 · Cited by 137
Changes in Family Policies and Outcomes: Is there Convergence?
Adema, W., Ali, N., & Thévenon, O. (2014) · OECD social employment and migration working papers · doi:10.1787/5jz13wllxgzt-en · Cited by 134
Self-citationPonthieux, S., & Meurs, D. (2014) · Handbook of income distribution · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59428-0.00013-8 · Cited by 139
Metadata
- Authors
- Thévenon, O.
- Affiliations
- Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Olivier Thévenon
- Venue
- OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers
- Published
- 2013-05-23
- ISSN
- 1815-199X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1852261349
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 9
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- OECD social employment and migration working papers (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Work-Family Balance Challenges
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies
- Keywords
- female labour force participation, work-family balance, childcare services, paid parental leave, part-time work, welfare regimes, employment protection, tax rates, women's educational attainment, service sector growth, public sector employees, working mothers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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