The DOI matches its Crossref record; 117 of the 118 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Non-pharmacological Treatment Options in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Open accessAbstract
The global prevalence of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, has reached epidemic proportions in the last few decades of the 20th century because of the obesity pandemic resulting from adverse lifestyles. Diabetes as a consequence of obesity (diabesity), continues to increase exponentially in the 21st century. Although there are a multitude of drugs for the effective management of diabesity with modest benefits, most patients will require insulin for control of diabetes at some stage that would worsen obesity, and thereby diabesity. Therefore, effective non-pharmacological therapy needs to be expedited in all patients with diabesity. These measures include medical nutrition interventions, change of lifestyles and bariatric surgery. Non-pharmacological interventions are also useful for the effective management of even type 1 diabetes mellitus when used along with insulin therapy especially in those with obesity. This review summarises the current evidence base for the non-pharmacological interventions in the management of diabetes.
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“Given that diabetes is directly influenced by various lifestyle factors, lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, weight management, increased physical activity, smoking cessation, and psychological support, are the cornerstones of nonpharmacological management of the condition [4,6-10].”
From Evaluation of the Impact of Mobile Health App Vitadio in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
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Cites
International Diabetes Federation 2017
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Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange
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“GL depends on the amount of carbohydrate present in a particular food item for digestion and absorption, and is calculated by measuring the carbohydrate content of the item, multiplied by its GI and divided by 100.(9,10) GL is a concept”
The Human Intestinal Microbiome in Health and Disease
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“In recent years, gut microbiome has been proposed to influence a multitude of physiological and pathological processes in human beings.(74) Marked changes in the gut microbiome after bariatric procedures have been shown to improve metabolic parameters and bodyweight in multiple studies.”
BackgroundEuropean Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults
Yumuk, V., Tsigos, C., Fried, M., Schindler, K., Busetto, L., Micic, D., & Toplak, H. (2015) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000442721 · Cited by 3,432
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“People with T2DM receiving microbiota from normal individuals showed improvement in glycaemic control, emphasising the role of gut microbiota in metabolic control.(80) Germ-free mice receiving gut microbiota from post-bariatric surgery cases showed a reduction in body fat composition and lower respiratory quotient.”
BackgroundWeight and Type 2 Diabetes after Bariatric Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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“Ghrelin (a gut hormone that stimulates hunger) level was found to be low after bariatric surgery, which suppress hunger signals in these participants.(73) These alterations in hormonal mechanisms positively affect the energy balance, insulin sensitivity, β-cell function and glycaemic parameters to contribute to improv…”
BackgroundStandards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2012
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kwan, Y. H., Cheng, T. Y., Yoon, S., Ho, L. Y. C., Huang, C. W., Chew, E., Thumboo, J., Østbye, T., & Low, L. L. (2020) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2020.04.002 · Cited by 129
Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome in Survivors of Childhood Cancer
Friedman, D. N., Tonorezos, E. S., & Cohen, P. (2019) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000495698 · Cited by 97
Wium‐Andersen, I. K., Osler, M., Jørgensen, M. B., Rungby, J., & Wium‐Andersen, M. K. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105715 · Cited by 87
“, 2013) but may also improve insulin resistance and hereby potentially reduce the risk of depression(Raveendran, 2018).”
BackgroundBashier, A. M., Hussain, A. K. B., Abdelgadir, E., Alawadi, F., Sabbour, H. M., & CHILTON, R. J. (2019) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-019-0476-0 · Cited by 63
Zhang, J., Tam, W., Hounsri, K., Kusuyama, J., & Wu, X. V. (2023) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2023.10.005 · Cited by 77
Metadata
- Authors
- Raveendran, A. V.
- Affiliations
- University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Raveendran, Arkiath V
- Venue
- European Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Touch Medical Media, Ltd.
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 31
- ISSN
- 1758-3772 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6182920
- OpenAlex
- W2891475665
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Keywords
- non-pharmacological treatment, diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, obesity, diabesity, medical nutrition therapy, lifestyle modification, bariatric surgery, insulin therapy, obesity treatment
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