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Non-pharmacological Treatment Options in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Open accessAbstract
The global prevalence of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, has reached epidemic proportions in the last few decades of the 20th century because of the obesity pandemic resulting from adverse lifestyles. Diabetes as a consequence of obesity (diabesity), continues to increase exponentially in the 21st century. Although there are a multitude of drugs for the effective management of diabesity with modest benefits, most patients will require insulin for control of diabetes at some stage that would worsen obesity, and thereby diabesity. Therefore, effective non-pharmacological therapy needs to be expedited in all patients with diabesity. These measures include medical nutrition interventions, change of lifestyles and bariatric surgery. Non-pharmacological interventions are also useful for the effective management of even type 1 diabetes mellitus when used along with insulin therapy especially in those with obesity. This review summarises the current evidence base for the non-pharmacological interventions in the management of diabetes.
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“Given that diabetes is directly influenced by various lifestyle factors, lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, weight management, increased physical activity, smoking cessation, and psychological support, are the cornerstones of nonpharmacological management of the condition [4,6-10].”
From Evaluation of the Impact of Mobile Health App Vitadio in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
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Sudirman, S., Ghaisani, A. D., Widiastuti, İ., Herpandı, H., Sirat, Y. N., & Janna, M. (2023) · Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology and Food Sciences · doi:10.55251/jmbfs.9805 · Cited by 1
“Some treatments that have been used for DM management include non-pharmacological such as physical activity or exercise ( Raveendran, 2018 ) and pharmacological treatments such as consuming antidiabetic drugs ( Su et al. , 2015 ).”
MethodKhoiruni, I. R., Isnawati, I. A., Hamim, N., & Alfarizi, M. (2023) · Jurnal Ilmiah Ners Indonesia · doi:10.22437/jini.v4i2.26685 · Cited by 1
“Intervensi nutrisi penting untuk kontrol glikemik yang optimal pada pasien diabetes melitus (Raveendran et al., 2020).”
BackgroundRani, A., Vibin, A. J., Kashyap, A., Jat, M. S., & Sharma, G. (2025) · International Journal of Ayurveda Research · doi:10.4103/ijar.ijar_93_25 · Cited by 1
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Diabetes Mellitus type 2: Management and follow up in Primary Health Care Center
Alkinani, A. A., Alkhrizi, I. M., Alkathiri, S. H., Alzubaidi, H. L. A., Alghanmi, A. A., Alghanmi, A. M., Alnashri, I. A., & Alruwaili Amal Muhaysin, B. (2021) · Archives of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.51847/mvmt9sdifp · Cited by 2
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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Homoeopathy in Glycemic Control
-, A. J., & -, S. S. (2022) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2022.v04i06.1262 · Cited by 1
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Self-management behaviours and glycemic control in diabetic patients. A cross sectional study
Moussa, R., Mahmud, S. S., Okar, L., Aldeeb, M., Rezek, M., Shawesh, A., Kalash, T., & Aseel, M. T. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256025 · Cited by 1
Awareness of the Indications and Complications of Sleeve Gastrectomy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abdulrahman, K. A. B., Suayb, A. S. B., Albarrak, M. S., Almedemegh, N. I., & Alkublan, R. M. K. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256014 · Cited by 2
Complex metabolic–endocrine syndromes: associations with cardiovascular disease
Krentz, A. J. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99991-5.00010-3 · Cited by 1
Type 2 Diabetes Management in Developing Countries
Atif, M., Asghar, S., Malik, I., Ahmad, N., & Al‐Worafi, Y. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74786-2_12-1 · Cited by 1
Abordagem multidisciplinar do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2
Reggiani, H. C., Felix, I. P., Fagundes, L. L., Amaral, L. M., & Fraga, V. B. E. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv7n2-226 · Cited by 1
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“The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is on the rise worldwide [1, 2].”
Chandrasekaran, P., Uddandrao, V. V. S., Naidu, P. B., & Kumar, U. (2025) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815322910125010007 · Cited by 1
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“In addition, the management of T2DM not only relies on pharmacological interventions, but also on lifestyle changes, such as weight loss, physical activity, and unhealthy diet practices [6, 7].”
Diabète de type 1 et sport de haut niveau/professionnel
Radermecker, R. P., Systermans, S., Bekka, S., & Kaux, J. (2019) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.002 · Cited by 1
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Diabetic nephropathy: Pathophysiology, Staging, Prevalence, and Management
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“In addition, medicinal plants have very minimal and even sometimes no adverse effect at all when measured with synthetic drugs [6].”
BackgroundAzhar, R., Uttra, K. M., Khan, A., Awan, M. H., Anwer, A., Lodhi, M. W. A., & Qureshi, M. W. H. (2021) · Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal · doi:10.51253/pafmj.v71i2.2788
de Sá, E. M. R., Cedro, P. É. P., Mendes, T. P. S., Miranda, A. C. D. A., Valasques, G. L., & Lima, D. M. (2021) · Revista Contexto & Saúde · doi:10.21527/2176-7114.2021.44.11524 · Cited by 1
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Mapping evidence of Iran diabetes research: protocol for a scoping review
Esmaeili, S., Bandarian, F., Razi, F., Namazi, N., Esmaeili, B., Sanjari, M., Tootee, A., Saeedi, S., Rambod, C., Aalaa, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-021-00932-x
“Numerous factors, such as adverse lifestyle habits, are associated with this multifactorial disease and cause several challenges in diabetes control and management [8].”
BackgroundRemissão do Diabetes Mellitus 2 por meio do tratamento não farmacológico: uma revisão de literatura
Teles, L. C., de Souza, L. G. D., & Silva, J. C. M. E. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv5n6-088
Qamar, M. A. M. U., Sumreen, T., Khan, A., Butt, K. R., Ali, E., & Rehman, A. (2022) · Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal · doi:10.51253/pafmj.v72i1.4278 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of Non-Pharmacological Remedies Adopted By The Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Hasan, I., Batool, S. R., Dars, J. A., Batool, R., Ahmad, S. M., & Afridi, M. I. (2022) · Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal · doi:10.51253/pafmj.v72i1.4700
Metadata
- Authors
- Raveendran, A. V.
- Affiliations
- University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Raveendran, Arkiath V
- Venue
- European Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Touch Medical Media, Ltd.
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 31
- ISSN
- 1758-3772 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6182920
- OpenAlex
- W2891475665
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Keywords
- non-pharmacological treatment, diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, obesity, diabesity, medical nutrition therapy, lifestyle modification, bariatric surgery, insulin therapy, obesity treatment
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