On the Use of Historical Social Network Analysis in the Study of Chinese Buddhism: The Case of Dao’an, Huiyuan, and Kumārajīva

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An overview article by Long, Cunningham, and Braithwaite lists fifteen different terms for bridge actors.

“An overview article by Long, Cunningham, and Braithwaite (2013), which did not include literature on historical social networks, lists fifteen different terms.”

• cites Long, Cunningham, and Braithwaite 2013 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The network encodes facts extracted from a large variety of sources, especially biographical literature for the first millennium and teacher-student lineage information for the second millennium.

“The network encodes facts extracted from a large variety of sources, especially biographical literature for the first millennium, and teacher-student lineage information for the second millennium.”

May combine two claims.

Later collections such as the Tang gaoseng zhuan contribute less to the early period network and tend to repeat earlier facts, rarely adding new information.

“To a lesser degree, data from later collections such as the Tang gaoseng zhuan 唐高僧傳 also contribute to the network of this early period, but these tend to repeat facts from earlier sources and only rarely add new information.”

May combine two claims.

The Historical Social Network of Chinese Buddhism dataset records interactions among more than 17,500 actors and covers nearly two thousand years of Chinese Buddhist history.

“The current dataset records interactions between more than 17,500 actors in Chinese Buddhist history.”

• Also stated in: § Abstract · plain

  “The Historical Social Network of Chinese Buddhism is a dataset that consists of some 17,500 persons and their connections, covering nearly two thousand years of Chinese”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Network links indicate that actors knew about or communicated with each other.

“The connections in the network indicate that actors have known about or communicated with each other”

May combine two claims.

The dataset has more than a thousand small components, mostly dyads and triads, not connected to the main component.

“Besides the main component, the Historical Social Network of Chinese Buddhism (version 2020-07) has more than a thousand small components, mostly dyads and triads, which are not connected to the main component but are part of the dataset.”

May combine two claims.

Network links are neither categorized nor effectively weighted.

“but connections are neither categorized nor effectively weighted.”

May combine two claims.

From a network perspective, the early translators are not part of the main component; they appear as small, unconnected clusters.

“From a network perspective, however, the early translators are not even part of the main component; they appear in the dataset as small, unconnected clusters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The close connection between Dao'an and Huiyuan and their circles is fairly obvious, even to machines.

“As shown in the previous section, the close connection between Dao'an and Huiyuan and their circles is fairly obvious, even to machines.”

May combine two claims.

Huichi's correspondence with Kumārajīva is lost, unlike Huiyuan's exchange.

“In contrast to Huiyuan's exchange with Kumārajīva, Huichi's correspondence is lost.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Voices critical of Mahāyāna are unheard of after the fifth century, and before that only a few traces of dissent remain.

“Voices critical of Mahāyāna are unheard of after the fifth century, and even before that only a few traces of dissent remain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

About 3,700 copies and fragments of the Mahāprajñāpāramitāsūtra were found at Dunhuang, and that text is 200 times longer than the Diamond Sūtra.

“Even more copies and fragments (ca.3,700) are from the Mahāprajñāpāramitāsūtra 大般若波羅蜜多經 (T.220/600 juan), which, however, is 200 times longer than the Diamond Sūtra (which makes fragments more likely).”

• cites T.220Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Connections between Dao'an and Kumārajīva rest weakly on mutual commentary, and more substantially on the correspondence between Huiyuan and Kumārajīva.

“Their connections rest, weakly, on the fact that Dao'an and Kumārajīva commented on each other, and, more substantially, on the correspondence of Huiyuan and Kumārajīva.”

May combine two claims.

Dao'an does not yet call Vaipulya texts Mahāyāna or suggest that the genre indicates a distinct movement within Buddhism.

“Note that Dao'an does not yet call the Vaipulya texts “Mahāyāna” or hint at the genre being indicative of a distinct movement within Buddhism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Diamond Sūtra was among the most widely copied Buddhist texts of the first millennium; about 2,500 fragments and complete versions of Kumārajīva's translation were found at Dunhuang.

“Another prajñāpāramitā text, the Diamond(-cutter) Sūtra (金剛經, Vajracchedikā), was among the most widely copied Buddhist texts of the first millennium: in total some 2,500 fragments and complete versions of Kumārajīva's translation alone were found at Dunhuang.”

• cites [42]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A line in Huichi's biography suggests he corresponded with Kumārajīva, who admired him from afar and wrote a letter.

“However, a single line in his biography suggests that, like his brother, Huichi corresponded with Kumārajīva: “When Kumārajīva dwelled in Chang'an, he admired [Huichi] from afar and wrote a letter conveying his regards and friendship.””

• cites Huichi biographyNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Fotucheng's circle is easily identified as a distinct cluster, highlighting close overlap between the students and patrons of Dao'an and Huiyuan.

“Even Fotucheng's circle is easily identified as a distinct cluster, further highlighting the close overlap between the students and patrons of Dao'an and Huiyuan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Other Dunhuang texts with comparable numbers include about 5,500 Lotus Sūtra, 1,750 Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra, 1,450 Suvarṇaprabhāsasūtra, 1,330 Aparimitāyurjñānasūtra, and 1,200 Vimalakīrtisūtra copies or fragments.

“Other texts that appear in comparable numbers in the Dunhuang corpus are: about 5,500 copies and fragments of the Lotus Sūtra (T.262/8 juan); about 1,750 of the (Mahāyāna) Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra (T.374 / 40 juan); about 1,450 of the Suvarṇaprabhāsasūtra (T.665 / 10 juan); about 1,330 of the Aparimitāyurjñānasūtra (T.936 / 1 juan); and about 1,200 of the Vimalakīrtisūtra (T.475 / 3 juan).”

• cites T.262Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites T.374Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites T.665Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CBETA corpus as of 2019 contains more than eighty commentaries and subcommentaries on the Diamond Sūtra, including works by Zhiyi, Jizang, Kuiji, and Zongmi.

“The CBETA corpus (as of 2019) alone contains more than eighty commentaries and subcommentaries, among them contributions by the greatest minds of Chinese Buddhism-Zhiyi 智顗, Jizang 吉藏, Kuiji 闚基, and Zongmi 宗密.”

• cites CBETANot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Neither Dao'an nor Huiyuan ever met Kumārajīva face to face.

“After all, neither Dao'an nor Huiyuan ever met Kumārajīva face to face.”

May combine two claims.

The network highlights Huichi as an important, well-connected actor in his own right, who in traditional accounts is overshadowed by his elder brother.

“In any case, the network highlights him as an important, well-connected actor in his own right, who in traditional accounts is overshadowed by his elder brother.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The larger nodes on the right in each layout include patrons Liang Emperor Wudi, Xiao Ziliang, monk Sengmin, and others.

“The larger nodes on the right in each layout include two famous patrons of Buddhism-the Liang Emperor Wudi 梁武帝 (aka Xiao Yan 蕭衍 464-549) and his uncle Xiao Ziliang 蕭子良 (460-494)-as well as the monk Sengmin 僧旻 (467-527) and others.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

No trace of the Dazhidulun has been found in Sanskrit Buddhist literature.

“Of the Dazhidulun (Sanskrit *Mahāprājñāpāramitā-upadeśa or *Mahāprājñāpāramitā-śāstra) no trace has so far been found in Sanskrit Buddhist literature.”

May combine two claims.

Kumārajīva never actually met either Dao'an or Huiyuan face to face.

“After all, Kumārajīva never actually met either Dao'an or Huiyuan face to face.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The abbot of the Zhulin Temple was Tanyong's fellow student Tanshun.

“Not mentioned in his biography is that his choice of retreat was not incidental, but also part of the Buddhist network: the abbot of the Zhulin Temple was Tanyong's fellow student, Tanshun 曇順.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many more links and a few more actors are to be found in prefaces and colophons collected in the catalog section of the Chu sanzang jiji.

“Many more links and a few more actors are to be found in prefaces and colophons collected in the catalog section of the Chu sanzang jiji 出三藏記集,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Huiyuan inquired about distinctively Mahāyāna topics such as dharmakāya and tathatā, but also about earlier non-Mahāyāna notions from the sūtra and Abhidharma layers such as causation and the nature of paramāṇus.

“Huiyuan inquired about distinctively Mahāyāna topics, such as dharmakāya 法身 or tathatā 如, but also about earlier, non-Mahāyāna notions from the sūtra and Abhidharma layers, such as causation or the nature of paramāṇus.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The exchange shows the aging Huiyuan eager to learn from Kumārajīva, who answers his questions in great detail.

“The exchange shows the aging Huiyuan eager to learn from Kumārajīva, who answers his questions in great detail.”

• cites Kimura (1960-62)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

No record of an encounter between Huichi and another figure has survived.

“there in early 402 and Huichi's death in 412, but no record of an encounter has survived.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The triangle formation is discernible in all four force-directed layouts available in Gephi 0.9.2.

“It is discernible in all four force-directed layouts available in Gephi 0.9.2:Fruchtermann-Reingold, Yifan Hu, Yifan Hu Proportional, Force Atlas, and Force Atlas 2.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Saṅghadeva's biography in the Gaoseng zhuan is characteristically silent about his antipathies towards Mahāyāna.

“Saṅghadeva's biography in the Gaoseng zhuan is characteristically silent about his antipathies towards Mahāyāna.”

• cites Shih 1968, 53Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Until Dao'an's death in 385, Dao'an and Fahe collaborated on many translation projects that Dao'an organized.

“Until Dao'an's death in 385 they collaborated on many translation projects that Dao'an organized, making good use of a period of relative calm that allowed an influx of Indian and Central Asian monks into Chang'an.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Around 386 CE, soon after Dao'an's death, Chang'an became unstable again, and Fahe went to Luoyang together with the Kashmiri translator Saṅghadeva.

“Around 386 CE, soon after Dao'an's death, the situation in Chang'an became unstable again, and Fahe went to Luoyang together with the Kashmiri translator Saṅghadeva.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The three actors discussed above are the only known actors who interacted with all three members of the triangle.

“Nevertheless, the three actors discussed above are the only known actors who interacted with all three members of the triangle.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Fahe and Saṅghadeva collaborated on translations until 391 CE, when Saṅghadeva received an invitation to join Huiyuan at Mount Lu.

“There they collaborated on translations until, in 391 CE, Saṅghadeva received an invitation to join Huiyuan at Mount Lu.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Fahe stayed behind in Luoyang, from which he soon returned to Chang'an in 393.

“One wonders why Fahe stayed behind in Luoyang, from which he soon returned to Chang'an in 393.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fahe had already been a fellow student of Dao'an under Fotucheng.

“Much older than the two of them, Fahe 法和 had already been a fellow student of Dao'an under Fotucheng.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the early 360s, the group decided to move south, and in 365 there was a parting of ways as members of Fotucheng's circle settled in different regions.

“In the early 360s, the group decided to move south, and in 365 there was a parting of ways as the members of Fotucheng's circle settled in different regions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Kumārajīva dedicated a ten-verse eulogy to Fahe, of which only the first verse has survived.

“He dedicated a ten-verse eulogy to Fahe, of which only the first verse has survived:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

After Fotucheng's death in 349, his students first stayed in the north, in Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, and Shanxi, for more than a decade.

“After Fotucheng's death in 349, his students first stayed in the north, in Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, and Shanxi, for more than a decade.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Both Tanyong and Tanshun would also have known the third bridge actor, who in the current dataset is connected to all three main players.

“Both Tanyong and Tanshun would also have known the third bridge actor, who in the current dataset is connected to all three main players.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Fahe propagated Buddhism in Sichuan for more than ten years, successfully if the sources can be believed.

“Fahe propagated Buddhism in Sichuan for more than ten years, successfully, if the sources can be believed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

For the historical network of Chinese Buddhism, this cluster is the engine that set the network in motion.

“For the historical network of Chinese Buddhism, this cluster is the engine that set this network in motion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kumārajīva's Buddhist and secular biographies mention three occasions when he compromised his chastity.

“Kumārajīva's Buddhist and secular biographies mention three occasions on which Kumārajīva compromised his chastity (Lu 2004, 23-31).”

• cites Lu 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Kumarajiva produced authoritative renditions of many seminal texts still used today, and his translation idiom became a de facto standard for Buddhist Chinese.

“It was Kumarājīva who produced the authoritative renditions of many seminal texts that are still used today, and his translation idiom became a de facto standard for Buddhist Chinese.”

May combine two claims.

Dao'an, Huiyuan, and Kumarajiva appeared at an important juncture in the global history of Buddhism: while Mahayana was still somewhat marginal in Indian monasteries and at least contested in Central Asia, the three most influential Buddhists in China embraced its ideas over earlier Buddhist doctrines.

“Dao'an, Huiyuan, and Kumārajīva appeared at an important juncture in the global history of Buddhism: while Mahāyāna was still somewhat marginal in Indian monasteries, and at least contested in Central Asia, the three most influential Buddhists in China embraced its ideas over and above earlier Buddhist doctrines.”

May combine two claims.

Of the three actors in the triangle, Huiyuan's connection to prajnaparamita is the least developed, but at least in his formative period it seems to have made a deep impression on him.

“Of the three actors in the triangle, Huiyuan's connection to prajñāpāramitā is the least developed, but at least in his formative period it seems to have made a deep impression on him.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Huiyuan became Dao'an's student in 354 and stayed with him for some twenty-five years before founding his own community at Mount Lu.

“Huiyuan became Dao'an's student in 354 and stayed with him for some twenty-five years before founding his own community at Mount Lu.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Kumarajiva's residence in the northwest, first in Liangzhou then in Chang'an, through his translations greatly increased the flow of knowledge about Buddhism from Central Asia into China.

“The residence of Kumārajīva in the northwest, first in Liangzhou then in Chang'an, through his translations greatly increased the flow of knowledge about Buddhism from Central Asia into China.”

May combine two claims.

The dominant position of the triangle helps explain why Chinese Buddhists have always identified as Mahayana Buddhists, and why prajnaparamita literature has persisted in emblematic prominence throughout Chinese Buddhist history.

“Among other things, the dominant position of the triangle helps to explain why Chinese Buddhists have always identified as Mahāyāna Buddhists, and why prajñāpāramitā literature has persisted in its emblematic prominence throughout the history of Chinese Buddhism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This organized, community-based seclusion was in part contrived to put distance between the monastic community and the secular administration, which rarely tolerated independent organizations.

“This organized, community-based seclusion was in part contrived to put distance between the monastic community and the secular administration, which rarely tolerated independent organizations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most Buddhist monks would have encountered the short Heart Sūtra because it was included in morning recitation.

“most Buddhist monks would have encountered the short Heart Sūtra, which had been included in the morning recitation.”

• cites [41]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to his biography, Huiyuan and his brother Huichi ordained and spent a lot of time together reading the Larger Prajnaparamita, as Dao'an continued to lecture on the text twice a year.

“a lot of time together reading the Larger Prajñāpāramitā (T.221), as Dao'an continued to lecture on the text twice a year”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The dataset is openly available, and its visualizations and metrics are in principle reproducible.

“It is openly available and, in principle, all visualizations and metrics below are reproducible.”

May combine two claims.

Like Dao'an, Huiyuan was hindered by the lack of a fully translated Vinaya, a predicament resolved when, in part due to Huiyuan's request, Kumarajiva produced the first complete translation of a Vinaya in 409.

“Like Dao'an, he was hindered by the lack of a fully translated Vinaya, a predicament that was only resolved when-in part due to Huiyuan's request-Kumārajīva produced the first complete translation of a Vinaya in 409.”

May combine two claims.

Huiyuan instituted a model monastic community on Mount Lu in northern Jiangxi, which served as a laboratory for Chinese Buddhism by adopting stricter monastic standards while exploring devotional practices such as Pure Land beliefs and Amitabha worship.

“Huiyuan instituted a model monastic community on Mount Lu in northern Jiangxi, which served as a laboratory for Chinese Buddhism in that it adopted stricter monastic standards, while at the same time exploring devotional practices such as Pure Land beliefs and Amitābha worship.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In his later life on Mount Lu, Huiyuan promoted the translation and study of Abhidharma texts, which after training in mostly Mahayana-inflected teachings under Dao'an might have seemed new and interesting to him.

“In his later life on Mount Lu, Huiyuan promoted the translation and study of Abhidharma texts, which after a training in mostly Mahāyānainflected teachings under Dao'an might have seemed new and interesting to him.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Chinese sources were often straw men or, as Deeg suggested, unreal opponents.

“Chinese sources were often straw men, or, as Deeg (2006) has suggested, “unreal opponents” (unwirkliche Gegner).”

• cites Deeg (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Dao'an was Fotucheng's student for more than ten years, from about 335 to 348 CE.

“Dao'an was Fotucheng's student for more than ten years (ca.335-48 CE).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Huiyuan realized that only a well-defined, self-legislating monasticism had a chance to withstand state control.

“Huiyuan realized that only a well-defined, self-legislating monasticism had a chance to withstand state control.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Huiyuan stayed with Dao'an for more than twenty years before founding his own community on Mount Lu in 381 CE, where other students of Dao'an gathered.

“Huiyuan stayed with Dao'an for more than twenty years before founding his own community on Mount Lu in 381 CE, where in time other students of Dao'an gathered.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The structural argument attempted in the paper does not rely on link weights or attributes.

“but the structural argument attempted here does not rely on link weights or attributes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Xuanzang and Amoghavajra might have translated more texts than Kumarajiva, but neither can match Kumarajiva's influence.

“Xuanzang 玄奘 in the seventh century (76 texts/1347 juan) or Amoghavajra in the eighth (77 texts/120 juan) might have translated more, but neither can match Kumārajīva's influence.”

May combine two claims.

Kumārajīva retranslated the Aṣṭasāhasrikā and Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā prajñāpāramitā sūtras and made the first translation of the Vajracchedikā prajñāpāramitā.

“He retranslated the two major prajñāpāramitā sūtras, the Aṣṭasāhasrikā prajñāpāramitā (T.227) 36 and the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā prajñāpāramitā (T.223), and translated for the first time the “Diamond Sūtra,” the Vajracchedikā prajñāpāramitā (T.235)”

• cites T.227Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites T.223Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites T.235Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Dao'an's interest in prajnaparamita seems to have been constant throughout his life, and only two years before his death he reflected on teaching the Larger Prajnaparamita over many years.

“His interest in prajñāpāramitā seems to have been a constant throughout his life, and only two years before his death Dao'an reflects on how he had taught the Larger Prajñāpāramitā (T.221) over many years:”

May combine two claims.

In the third and fourth centuries, the small community of Buddhist intellectuals in China valued prajnaparamita texts and debated different interpretations, leaving indistinct traces in apologetic literature and the Shishuo xinyu.

“In the third and fourth centuries, the small community of Buddhist intellectuals in China clearly valued prajñāpāramitā texts, and in their debates came up with different interpretations, which left indistinct traces in apologetic literature and the Shishuo xinyu 世說新語 collection of anecdotes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For nearly nine hundred years from the first printed Chinese Buddhist canon in 983, the Mahāprajñāpāramitāsūtra was placed first in the canon.

“For almost nine hundred years, starting with the first print edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon (dated 983), the Mahāprajñāpāramitāsūtra enjoyed pride of place as the first text in the Chinese Buddhist canon.”

• cites [40]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Huichi was Huiyuan's younger brother by three years and his companion almost throughout his life.

“Huichi was Huiyuan's younger brother by three years and his companion almost throughout his life.”

• cites [69]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Chinese Buddhism had always been mahāyānistic in outlook.

“In retrospect, it seems natural that Chinese Buddhism had always been mahāyānistic in outlook.”

May combine two claims.

All three main actors were aware of alternatives but settled on Mahāyāna as the most advanced doctrine, informed by prajñāpāramitā texts as a common denominator.

“All three main actors were aware of alternatives, but settled on Mahāyāna as the most advanced doctrine, informed by prajñāpāramitā texts as a common denominator.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Like Huiyuan, Sengrui aspired to be reborn in the Western Pure Land, a belief associated with Huiyuan's community on Mount Lu.

“Like Huiyuan, Sengrui aspired to be reborn in the Western Pure Land, a belief associated with Huiyuan's community on Mount Lu.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Shukusatsu edition was later replaced by the Taishō edition, which begins with the Āgamas.

“Some fifty years later the Shukusatsu edition was superseded by the well-known Taishō edition, which starts with the Āgamas.”

May combine two claims.

Huichi and Huiyuan left Dao'an and went to Mount Lu, where Huiyong had already begun establishing a monastery.

“They both left Dao'an and went to Mount Lu, where Huiyong 慧永, another student of Dao'an, had already started to establish a monastery.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Diamond Sūtra generated many commentaries and subcommentaries in India, China, and Tibet.

“It also occasioned a large number of commentaries and subcommentaries in India, China, and Tibet.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Dao'an and Huiyuan struggled to achieve an overview of the textual landscape and to understand the relationship between mainstream and Mahāyāna Buddhism evolving during their time.

“Dao'an and Huiyuan were struggling to achieve an overview of the textual landscape and to understand the relationship between mainstream and Mahāyāna Buddhism that was evolving during their time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Taishō editors had studied in Europe and were strongly influenced by historism.

“The Taishō editors, Takakusu Junjirō and Watanabe Kaigyoku, had studied in Europe and been deeply influenced by historism.”

May combine two claims.

Convinced that Mahāyāna was the best teaching Buddhism had to offer, Kumārajīva promoted it through his translations and strengthened Huiyuan in a Mahāyānistic outlook that distinguished itself from an inferior Hīnayāna.

“Convinced that Mahāyāna was the best teaching Buddhism had to offer, he promoted it through his translations, and strengthened Huiyuan in a proper Mahāyānistic outlook-one that makes a distinction between itself and an inferior “Hīnayāna.””

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Schopen concludes that the apparent periods of popularity of the Perfection of Wisdom in India and China are radically unaligned.

“He concludes that “the apparent periods of popularity of the Perfection of Wisdom in India and China are radically unaligned” (6).”

• cites SchopenNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Huichi left Mount Lu for good in 398 and went to Sichuan, where he became a prominent and influential monk.

“Whereas his brother Huiyuan was famously reluctant to leave Mount Lu, 71 Huichi seems to have enjoyed travel and in 398 left Mount Lu for good and set out for Sichuan, where he became a prominent and influential monk in the growing Buddhist community there.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Community detection algorithms depend heavily on parameter settings, and finding the right number of groups can become circular.

“Such algorithms are usually heavily dependent on parameter settings, and finding the “right” number of groups can quickly become a circular effort, where one tries to find parameters that detect the kind of communities one would expect.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Dao'an and Huiyuan had been in close contact for many years.

“One could argue that this does not need demonstration; it is clear that Dao'an and Huiyuan had been in close contact for many years.”

May combine two claims.

Kumārajīva's correspondence reached not only Huiyuan on Mount Lu but also Huichi in Sichuan.

“Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that Kumārajīva's correspondence reached not only Huiyuan on Mount Lu, but also Huichi in Sichuan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All actors who connect the Dao'an/Huiyuan community with Kumārajīva's contribute to the cohesiveness of the triangle.

“Strictly speaking, for the cohesion of the network, all actors who connect the community of Dao'an/Huiyuan with that of Kumārajīva contribute to the cohesiveness of the triangle.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mahāyāna in India and Central Asia had opponents.

“Mahāyāna in India and Central Asia had not been without opponents.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The three central actors at the de facto beginning of known social transmission of Buddhism in China had been heavily exposed to prajñāpāramitā literature.

“There, the three central actors at the de facto beginning of the known social transmission of Buddhism had been heavily exposed to prajñāpāramitā literature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The current structure of morning and evening recitation can be traced, with variations, from the sixteenth century.

“While we lack older witnesses for recitation manuals, the current structure of the morning and evening recitation is discernible (with variations) starting in the sixteenth century (Günzel 1994, 10-28).”

• cites Günzel 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Schopen maintains that for the third to fourth centuries there is little evidence the Aṣṭasāhasrikā had much influence even within Indian Buddhism, and only later in the late Pāla Period is there evidence it was known outside a tiny circle of scholastics.

“Schopen maintains that for the third to fourth centuries there is little evidence that the Aṣṭasāhasrikā had much influence even within Indian Buddhism, and only much later, in the late Pāla Period (eleventh-twelfth centuries), “do we have any evidence that this literature was even known outside a tiny circle of Buddhist scholastics” (2000, 4).”

• cites Schopen 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Kumārajīva received a model education in Kashmir, came to China with formed opinions, and used his authority to promote Mahāyāna.

“Kumārajīva, having received a model education in one of the centers of Buddhist learning in Kashmir, came to China with his opinions formed, and was in a position of authority, which he used to promote Mahāyāna.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Mahāprajñāpāramitāsūtra lost its first place only in the nineteenth century, when the first modern punctuated edition began with the Buddhāvataṃsaka.

“The Mahāprajñāpāramitāsūtra was dethroned only in the nineteenth century, when the editors of the first modern, punctuated edition, the Japanese Dainihon kōtei daizōkyō shukusatsu zōhon 大日本校訂大蔵経 縮刷藏本 (1880-85), decided to start their canon with the Buddhāvataṃsaka.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The textual transmission to China was determined very much by chance.

“As he himself pointed out, the textual transmission was determined very much by chance.”

• cites Dao'anNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Identifying different clusters via algorithms is a valid and widely used heuristic for exploring a network.

“Nevertheless, some groupings are easier to find than others, and some are impossible, so identifying different clusters via algorithms is a valid (and widely used) heuristic for exploring a network.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

If algorithms correctly identify known groups, they might also be trusted to discover unknown or neglected groups.

“If we can find algorithms that correctly identify known groups, these might also be trusted to discover hitherto unknown or neglected groups.”

May combine two claims.

Sengrui must at least have known of Huiyuan and very probably knew him in person, but no explicit link was recorded because they were never mentioned together.

“He must at least have known of Huiyuan, and very probably knew him in person, but no explicit link was recorded in the data because they were never mentioned together.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Identifying connecting figures helps write history as encounters and information flow rather than a series of a few great men.

“Identifying such connecting figures helps to write history as a history of encounters and information flow as opposed to a series of a few “great men.””

May combine two claims.

Sengrui was once Dao'an's student, stayed in Chang'an, and later became one of Kumārajīva's most prominent students.

“Sengrui 僧叡, for instance, was Dao'an's student at one time, but instead of moving to Mount Lu like many others, he stayed behind in Chang'an, like Fahe.84 He later became one of Kumārajīva's most prominent students, known for ten intelligent prefaces to sūtra translations and for a single short essay.”

• cites [84]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Based on the current dataset, Dao'an, Huiyuan, and Kumārajīva form a triangle that can be used as a heuristic to explain how Chinese Buddhism became decidedly Mahāyāna.

“Based on the currently available dataset, these three form a “triangle” which I suggest can be used as heuristic device to explain how Chinese Buddhism became so decidedly Mahāyāna.”

May combine two claims.

Although the network shows Huichi connected to all three major figures, the evidence for his connection with Kumārajīva is thin.

“Thus, although in formal terms the network shows Huichi as connected to all three major figures of the triangle, the evidence for his connection with Kumārajīva is thin.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Indigenous Chinese commentaries on the Diamond Sūtra were written from the sixth through the twenty-first century.

“Indigenous Chinese commentaries on the Diamond Sūtra were written from the sixth to the twenty-first century.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Huichi and Huiyuan studied together as children and both joined the monkhood under Dao'an in 355.

“They studied together as children and both joined the monkhood under Dao'an in 355.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 397/398 Huichi escorted his aunt Daoyi to the capital and was asked to participate in translating the Madhyama-āgama.

“When in 397/398 he escorted his aunt, the nun Daoyi 道儀, into the capital he was asked to participate in the translation of the Madhyama-āgama.”

May combine two claims.

The triangle in social network analysis suggests that Kumārajīva and his circle were engaged and in communication with the Dao'an-Huiyuan community, and that this joint formation mattered above all for the future development of Buddhism in China.

“The triangle that appears in social network analysis suggests that Kumārajīva and his circle were in fact very much engaged and in communication with the Dao'an-Huiyuan community, and that what mattered for the future development of Buddhism in China was this joint formation above all.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Kumārajīva was fully aware that many of his fellow Buddhists in India did not consider Mahāyāna mainstream Buddhism.

“Kumārajīva, on the other hand, was fully aware that Mahāyāna was not considered mainstream Buddhism by many of his fellow Buddhists in India.”

May combine two claims.

Huichi was well educated and able to proofread the Chinese draft of the Madhyama-āgama in detail, though he was not proficient in an Indian language.

“Like his elder brother, Huichi was well educated and, although not proficient in an Indian language, he was able to proofread the Chinese draft, checking it in great detail (校閱文言搜括詳定).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The earliest Indian commentary on the Diamond Sūtra, attributed to Asaṅga and Vasubandhu, was translated into Chinese several times and inspired subcommentaries.

“The earliest Indian commentary, attributed to Asaṅga and Vasubandhu, was translated into Chinese several times and inspired its own subcommentaries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Letters were a crucial element of communication networks even in that period.

“Letters were a crucial element of the communication networks even back then.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Lotus Sūtra in Kumārajīva's translation influenced the formation of the Tiantai School and the Japanese Nichiren Sect.

“The Lotus Sūtra in Kumarājīva's translation influenced the formation of the Tiantai School in the late sixth century and the Japanese Nichiren Sect in the thirteenth century.”

May combine two claims.

Through Tanyong, Huiyuan not only received replies to his letters but also provided Mount Lu with firsthand tales about Kumārajīva's circle and the wider Buddhist environment at Chang'an.

“Through Tanyong, Huiyuan would not only have received replies to his letters, he must also have provided Mount Lu with firsthand tales about Kumārajīva's circle and the wider Buddhist environment at Chang'an.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Through Kumārajīva, Nāgārjuna became known in China, and his translations of Nāgārjuna's and Aryadeva's treatises became the basis of the Three Treatise School.

“It was through Kumārajīva that Nāgārjuna became known in China and his translations of Nāgārjuna's and Aryadeva's philosophical treatises became the basis of what was retrospectively called the Three Treatise School (sanlun zong 三論宗).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The authorship of the Dazhidulun, traditionally attributed to Nāgārjuna, has been widely debated in the twentieth century.

“Its authorship, traditionally attributed to Nāgārjuna, has been widely debated in the twentieth century.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Dynamics and motivations become clearer when seen in the context of the network.

“Often dynamics and motivations become clearer when seen in the context of the network.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Kumārajīva, by his choice of what to translate, did more than anyone else to define Chinese Buddhism as Mahāyāna.

“it was Kumārajīva who, by the choice of what to translate, did more than anyone else to define Chinese Buddhism as Mahāyāna.”

May combine two claims.

Overview histories usually follow either the historian's instinct to treat the three masters separately or the pattern suggested by community detection, where Dao'an and Huiyuan are lumped together when not in separate chapters.

“Overview histories usually follow either the historian's instinct to treat the biographies of the three masters separately, or the pattern suggested by the community detection algorithm: Where Dao'an, Huiyuan, and Kumārajīva are not discussed in separate chapters, Dao'an and Huiyuan are lumped together.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

If not for the propagation of Mahāyāna by Dao'an, Huiyuan, and Kumārajīva, mainstream Buddhists like Saṅghadeva, Saṅghabhadra, or Dharmayaśas might well have persuaded the Chinese sangha of the preeminence of mainstream Sarvāstivādin orthodoxy.

“If not for the propagation of Mahāyāna by Dao'an, Huiyuan, and Kumārajīva, mainstream Buddhists like Saṅghadeva, Saṅghabhadra, or Dharmayaśas might well have persuaded the Chinese sangha of the preeminence of mainstream, say, Sarvāstivādin, orthodoxy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The success of Mahāyāna doctrine in China is often explained by an assumed compatibility with traditional Chinese thought, including Laozi, Zhuangzi, xuanxue, and qingtan.

“From a philosophical perspective, the success of Mahāyāna doctrine in China is often explained with an assumed compatibility of Mahāyāna concepts with traditional Chinese thought, including references to Laozi and Zhuangzi, and the intellectual fashions grouped under the labels xuanxue and qingtan.”

May combine two claims.

The preeminent placement of the Mahāprajñāpāramitāsūtra was not uncontested; Sui and early Tang catalogs listed the Buddhāvataṃsaka first.

“This preeminent placement was not uncontested: Sui Dynasty and early Tang catalogs by Fajing 法經 (T.2146, dated 594), Fei Changfang (T.2034, dated 597), Yancong 彥悰 (T.2147, dated 602), Jingtai 靜泰 (T.2148, dated 660s), and Mingquan 明佺 (T.2150, dated 695) had listed the Buddhāvataṃsaka first.”

• cites T.2146Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites T.2034Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites T.2147Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Kumārajīva's translation of the Sukhāvatīvyūhasūtra became foundational for the Pure Land School, and his Vimalakīrtinirdeśa translation inspired laypeople.

“His translation of the Sukhāvatīvyūhasūtra became one of the foundational texts of the Pure Land School in East Asia, and his translation of the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa inspired countless laypeople through the ages in their nonmonastic practice.”

May combine two claims.

Kumārajīva sharpened awareness of the Mahāyāna/non-Mahāyāna distinction for Buddhists in China, probably because he had firsthand experience in such debates in India and Central Asia.

“It was Kumārajīva who sharpened the awareness of the distinction for Buddhists in China, probably because, unlike them, he had firsthand experience in Mahāyāna versus non-Māhayāna debates in India and Central Asia.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Network visualization in this case seems a better heuristic than community detection algorithms.

“Or, in other words: network visualization in this case seems a better heuristic than community detection algorithms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

If Kumārajīva had not translated certain texts, the Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā rather than the Dazhidulun would have become the orthodox summa, and the Lotus Sūtra and Vimalakīrtinirdeśa would not have become ubiquitous, making the East Asian Buddhist doctrinal landscape very different.

“Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā and not the Dazhidulun would have become the orthodox summa for scholastics, and the Lotus Sūtra and the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa would not have become ubiquitous.The doctrinal landscape of East Asian Buddhism would have looked very different indeed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The version of the verse in the Chu sanzang jiji is most likely the original.

“I consider the one in the Chu sanzang jiji most likely to be the original version.”

May combine two claims.

Huiyuan's interest in doctrine, as shown by his correspondence with Kumārajīva, was rather scholastic, and Abhidharma studies seem to have flourished on Mount Lu under his guidance.

“Huiyuan's interest in doctrine as evinced by his correspondence with Kumārajīva was rather scholastic.Indeed, Abhidharma studies seem to have flourished on Mount Lu under Huiyuan's guidance(Dessein”

• cites DesseinNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Because the data model records instances of direct or indirect communication between contemporaries, the remark counts as a link even though Dao'an and Kumārajīva never met in person.

“Since our data model records instances of direct or indirect communication between contemporaries, this counts as a link, although Dao'an and Kumārajīva never met in person.”

May combine two claims.

Kumārajīva chose to translate the *Tattvasiddhi/Satyasiddhi, a unique Mahāyāna Abhidharma, late in his career (411-12 CE), instead of Sarvāstivādin Abhidharma works he studied in youth.

“Instead of translating the Sarvāstivādin Abhidharma works he studied in his youth, he chose to translate the *Tattvasiddhi/Satyasiddhi (T.1646), a unique “Mahāyāna Abhidharma,” and did so only late in his career (411-12 CE).”

• cites T.1646Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

There are questions about the coverage and accuracy of the dataset, which affect the historian as a user of data.

“First, there are questions regarding the coverage and accuracy of the dataset.These are often technical concerns, but affect the historian as a user of data.”

May combine two claims.

Although Kumārajīva did not found a monastic community and broke his vows, many institutional formations in East Asian Buddhism were founded on his translations.

“Although Kumārajīva did not found a monastic community and in fact had broken his monastic vows, 35 quite a few institutional formations in the history of East Asian Buddhism were founded on his translations.”

• cites [35] Zürcher, Erik . 2007. <i>The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China.</i> 3rd ed. Leiden: Brill. First published 1959.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tan Shibao has argued that Dao'an authored up to five catalogs at different times and places.

“Tan Shibao has argued that Dao'an actually authored up to five catalogs at different times and in different places(Tan 1991, 67-82).”

• cites Tan 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Kaiyuan lu became the authoritative catalog used to compile the canon.

“The Kaiyuan lu became the authoritative catalog used to compile the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Zongli zhongjing mulu survives as part of Sengyou's Chu sanzang jiji and lists about 640 different Buddhist texts.

“What is today often considered a single catalog called Zongli zhongjing mulu 綜理眾經目錄 has survived as part of Sengyou's Chu sanzang jiji 出三藏記集 (T.2145).It lists about 640 different Buddhist texts, an impressive collection for the time.”

• cites T.2145Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Kumārajīva, composing the verse directly in Chinese, would have used Chinese imagery and with 哀鸞 probably meant the Chinese bird of paradise, not kalaviṅka.

“Considering the verse was composed directly in Chinese, Kumārajīva would have made use of Chinese imagery and with 哀鸞 probably had in mind not kalaviṅka, but simply the Chinese bird of paradise (which only alights on paulownia trees).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There are dangers of application, including misinterpreting visualizations and metrics or tweaking them to fit a narrative.

“Second, there are the dangers of application.Problems with software tools apart, it is possible to misinterpret visualizations and metrics, or to tweak them unwittingly to fit one's favorite narrative.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Kamata 1982-99 has a chapter on Dao'an in the first volume and treats Kumārajīva before Huiyuan in the second.

“Kamata (1982-99 [6 vols.]) has a chapter on Dao'an in the first volume, and treats Kumārajīva before Huiyuan in the second.”

• cites Kamata (1982-99)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The translation of the Sarvāstivādin Vinaya was interrupted after 404 when Puṇyatara died, and was completed only with Dharmaruci's arrival in Chang'an.

“The translation of the Sarvāstivādin Vinaya 十誦律 (T.1435) had been interrupted after 404, when the pandit Puṇyatara had died after reciting some two-thirds of the texts to the translators.Only with Dharmaruci's arrival in Chang'an was the work completed.”

• cites T.1435Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Historical social network analysis can contribute a new perspective by allowing zooming from macro structural formations to micro ego-networks.

“Third, on a methodological level I have tried to show that historical social network analysis can contribute a new perspective.The peculiar advantage of this perspective is that one can “zoom” from the macro level of larger structural formations, spanning longer periods, to the micro level of the ego-networks of individual actors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both halves of the verse praise Fahe.

“To my mind both halves of the verse praise Fahe.”

May combine two claims.

Neither Dao'an nor Huiyuan was overly concerned with differences between mainstream and Mahāyāna texts, nor did they see major contradictions between them.

“It seems that neither Dao'an nor Huiyuan was overly concerned with the differences, nor did they see major contradictions between mainstream and Mahāyāna texts.”

• cites Tsukamoto 1985, 816ff.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ch'en 1964 discusses Kumārajīva before Dao'an and Huiyuan.

“The more concise Ch'en (1964) follows this pattern by discussing Kumārajīva (81-84) before Dao'an and Huiyuan (94-112).”

• cites Ch'en (1964)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The visual metaphor of a triangle can serve as a heuristic tool that helps explain how Mahāyāna became so clearly dominant within Chinese Buddhism at an early stage.

“Above I tried to show how the visual metaphor of a triangle can serve as a heuristic tool that helps to explain how Mahāyāna became so clearly dominant within Chinese Buddhism at an early stage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A number of scholars have argued that the Dazhidulun was not, or not completely, authored by Nāgārjuna.

“A number of scholars have argued that the Dazhidulun was not or at least not completely authored by the famous Nāgārjuna, and may have been, at least in part,”

• cites scholarsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There must have been many more, now forgotten, actors who knew Dao'an, Huiyuan, and Kumārajīva.

“There must have been many more, now forgotten, actors who knew Dao'an, Huiyuan, and Kumārajīva.”

May combine two claims.

That Huiyuan knew about Saṅghadeva and was able to invite him to continue his work in the quieter south shows how well information traveled along the networks between the capitals and Mount Lu.

“That Huiyuan knew about Saṅghadeva, and thus was able to invite him to continue his work in the quieter south, shows how well information traveled along the networks, between the capitals and Mount Lu.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Like Tanyong, Tanshun must have been well acquainted with both Kumārajīva and Huiyuan.

“Like Tanyong, Tanshun must have been well acquainted with both Kumārajīva and Huiyuan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many events in Fahe's short biography in the Gaoseng zhuan can only be dated and fully understood when read together with passages that mention him in Dao'an's biography.

“Many events in his own short biography in the Gaoseng zhuan can only be dated and fully understood when read together with the passages that mention him in Dao'an's biography.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Bringing these three actors into focus seems helpful for constructing a more richly textured narrative.

“Bringing them into focus seems helpful for the construction of a more richly textured narrative.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Kumārajīva seems to have appreciated the learned old scholar Fahe, who could remember the days of Fotucheng in China.

“Kumārajīva seems to have appreciated the learned old scholar, who could remember the days of Fotucheng in China.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In any case, Fahe's decision to stay in Chang'an allowed him to become friends with Kumārajīva, who arrived in early 402.

“In any case, Fahe's decision to stay in Chang'an allowed him to become friends with Kumārajīva, who arrived in early 402.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The historical record contains only a small sample of events and encounters, and the network data only collects a fraction of that.

“As always, it is important to remember that the historical record contains only a small sample of events and encounters, and that the network data only collects a fraction of that.”