Cited by 1,248Statistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceData Analysis with RAdvanced Causal Inference Techniques

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Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE): Implementation in Stata

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Royston, Patrick, White, Ian·2011·Journal of Statistical Software

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Abstract

Missing data are a common occurrence in real datasets. For epidemiological and prognostic factors studies in medicine, multiple imputation is becoming the standard route to estimating models with missing covariate data under a missing-at-random assumption. We describe ice, an implementation in Stata of the MICE approach to multiple imputation. Real data from an observational study in ovarian cancer are used to illustrate the most important of the many options available with ice. We remark briefly on the new database architecture and procedures for multiple imputation introduced in releases 11 and 12 of Stata.

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“As described by Royston (2005b), to satisfy the normality assumption for a continuous variable, a transformation toward normality may be effective.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
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Authors: Royston, P., & White, I.
ORCID: Royston, Patrick
White, Ian
Venue: Journal of Statistical Software
Publisher: Foundation for Open Access Statistic
Published: 2011
Volume: 45
Issue: 4
ISSN: 1548-7660 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.18637/jss.v045.i04
OpenAlex: W1781481323
Cited by: 1,248
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 56 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 159 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 20.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Journal of Statistical Software (publishedVersion, cc-by)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Data Analysis with R
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Keywords: multiple imputation, chained equations, mice, missing data, missing at random, Stata, ovarian cancer, database architecture

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Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE): Implementation in Stata

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