Cited by 1,248Statistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceData Analysis with RAdvanced Causal Inference Techniques

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Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE): Implementation in Stata

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Royston, Patrick, White, Ian·2011·Journal of Statistical Software

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Abstract

Missing data are a common occurrence in real datasets. For epidemiological and prognostic factors studies in medicine, multiple imputation is becoming the standard route to estimating models with missing covariate data under a missing-at-random assumption. We describe ice, an implementation in Stata of the MICE approach to multiple imputation. Real data from an observational study in ovarian cancer are used to illustrate the most important of the many options available with ice. We remark briefly on the new database architecture and procedures for multiple imputation introduced in releases 11 and 12 of Stata.

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Statistical Analysis With Missing Data
Lahiff, M., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289883 · Cited by 17,385
Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice
White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4067 · Cited by 9,792
Self-citation
Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls
Sterne, J. A. C., White, I. R., Carlin, J. B., Spratt, M., Royston, P., Kenward, M. G., Wood, A. M., & Carpenter, J. R. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2393 · Cited by 7,299
Self-citation
Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data
Booth, D. E., & Schafer, J. L. (2000) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1271466 · Cited by 5,627
Multiple imputation: a primer
Schafer, J. L. (1999) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/096228029900800102 · Cited by 3,949
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van Buuren, S. (2007) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280206074463 · Cited by 2,827
Multiple Imputation of Missing Values
Royston, P. (2004) · The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0400400301 · Cited by 2,340 · cited 4×
“As described by Royston (2005b), to satisfy the normality assumption for a continuous variable, a transformation toward normality may be effective.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Multiple Imputation of Missing Values: Update
Royston, P. (2005) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0500500204 · Cited by 1,683
Self-citation
Fully conditional specification in multivariate imputation
Van Buuren, S., Brand, J. P. L., Groothuis-Oudshoorn, C. G. M., & Rubin, D. B. (2006) · Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation · doi:10.1080/10629360600810434 · Cited by 1,217
Multiple Imputation of Missing Values: Update of Ice
Royston, P. J. (2005) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0500500404 · Cited by 1,038
Self-citation

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Authors: Royston, P., & White, I.
ORCID: Royston, Patrick
White, Ian
Venue: Journal of Statistical Software
Publisher: Foundation for Open Access Statistic
Published: 2011
Volume: 45
Issue: 4
ISSN: 1548-7660 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.18637/jss.v045.i04
OpenAlex: W1781481323
Cited by: 1,248
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 56 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 159 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 20.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Journal of Statistical Software (publishedVersion, cc-by)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Data Analysis with R
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Keywords: multiple imputation, chained equations, mice, missing data, missing at random, Stata, ovarian cancer, database architecture

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Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE): Implementation in Stata

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