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Generating Datasets with Pretrained Language Models
Open accessAbstract
To obtain high-quality sentence embeddings from pretrained language models (PLMs), they must either be augmented with additional pretraining objectives or finetuned on a large set of labeled text pairs.While the latter approach typically outperforms the former, it requires great human effort to generate suitable datasets of sufficient size.In this paper, we show how PLMs can be leveraged to obtain high-quality sentence embeddings without the need for labeled data, finetuning or modifications to the pretraining objective: We utilize the generative abilities of large and high-performing PLMs to generate entire datasets of labeled text pairs from scratch, which we then use for finetuning much smaller and more efficient models.Our fully unsupervised approach outperforms strong baselines on several semantic textual similarity datasets.1
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“Schick and Schütze [119] propose to use pre-trained LMs to generate datasets given certain instructions.”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Schick, T., & Schütze, H.
- Affiliations
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- ORCID
- Schütze, Hinrich
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
- Published
- 2021
- Pages
- 6943-6951
- OpenAlex
- W3154863804
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 11.55
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Universitätsbibliothek der LMU
- Funders
- H2020 European Research Council (740516)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Multimodal Machine Learning Applications
- Keywords
- sentence embeddings, pre-trained language models, semantic textual similarity, generative language models, fine-tuning
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