The Earth is Flat because...: Investigating LLMs’ Belief towards Misinformation via Persuasive Conversation
Open accessAbstract
Rongwu Xu, Brian Lin, Shujian Yang, Tianqi Zhang, Weiyan Shi, Tianwei Zhang, Zhixuan Fang, Wei Xu, Han Qiu. Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2024.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous research into the potential of LLMs to manipulate and generate false information has largely focused on single-turn or multi-turn conversational techniques aimed at exploiting a model's inherent helpful nature to bend its "beliefs" or outputs to align with dangerous or unethical goals.
“Previous research into the potential of LLMs to manipulate and generate false information has largely focused on single-turn or multi-turn conversational techniques aimed at exploiting a model’s inherent helpful nature to bend its “beliefs” or outputs to align with dangerous or unethical goals38,39.”
From When helpfulness backfires: LLMs and the risk of false medical information due to sycophantic behavior (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hallucination Mitigation for Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models: A Review
Zhang, W., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math13050856 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Knowledge Conflicts for LLMs: A Survey
Xu, R., Qi, Z., Guo, Z., Wang, C., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., & Xu, W. (2024) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.486 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, S., Gao, M., Sasse, K., Hartvigsen, T., Anthony, B., Fan, L., Aerts, H., Gallifant, J., & Bitterman, D. S. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02008-z · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Zeng, Y., Lin, H., Zhang, J., Yang, D., Jia, R., & Shi, W. (2024) · Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.773 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationDELL: Generating Reactions and Explanations for LLM-Based Misinformation Detection
Wan, H., Feng, S., Tan, Z., Wang, H., Tsvetkov, Y., & Luo, M. (2024) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL (Findings of ACL) · doi:10.18653/v1/2024.findings-acl.155 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Let Silence Speak: Enhancing Fake News Detection with Generated Comments from Large Language Models
Nan, Q., Sheng, Q., Cao, J., Hu, B., Wang, D., & Li, J. (2024) · ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM) · doi:10.1145/3627673.3679519 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Know Your Limits: A Survey of Abstention in Large Language Models
Wen, B., Yao, J., Feng, S., Xu, C., Tsvetkov, Y., Howe, B., & Wang, L. L. (2025) · Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00754 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Feng, S., Wan, H., Wang, N., Tan, Z., Luo, M., & Tsvetkov, Y. (2024) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.196 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Trust Me, I’m Wrong: LLMs Hallucinate with Certainty Despite Knowing the Answer
Simhi, A., Itzhak, I., Barez, F., Stanovsky, G., & Belinkov, Y. (2025) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP (Findings of EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.792 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Language Models in Dialogue: Conversational Maxims for Human-AI Interactions
Miehling, E., Nagireddy, M., Sattigeri, P., Daly, E., Piorkowski, D., & Richards, J. T. (2024) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP (Findings of EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2024.findings-emnlp.843 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zheng, X., Zeng, Z., Wang, H., Bai, Y., Liu, Y., & Luo, M. (2025) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3696410.3714532 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
From Illusion to Insight: A Taxonomic Survey of Hallucination Mitigation Techniques in LLMs
Kazlaris, I., Antoniou, E. N., Diamantaras, K., & Bratsas, C. (2025) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai6100260 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lehr, S. A., Saichandran, K. S., Harmon‐Jones, E., Vitali, N., & Banaji, M. R. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2501823122 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Must Read: A Comprehensive Survey of Computational Persuasion
Bozdag, N. B., Mehri, S., Yang, X., Ha, H., Cheng, Z., Durmus, E., You, J., Ji, H., Tür, G., & Hakkani-Tur, D. Z. (2026) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3800687 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“They are uncultured”: Unveiling Covert Harms and Social Threats in LLM Generated Conversations
Dammu, P. P. S., Jung, H., Singh, A. A. K., Choudhury, M., & Mitra, T. (2024) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.1134 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Srba, I., Razuvayevskaya, O., Leite, J. A., Moro, R., Schlicht, I. B., Tonelli, S., García, F. M., Lottmann, S. B., Teyssou, D., Porcellini, V., et al. (2026) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/3770077 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bozdag, N. B., Mehri, S., Tür, G., & Hakkani-Tur, D. Z. (2026) · ACM Conference on AI and Agentic Systems (CAIS) · doi:10.1145/3786335.3813181 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Catching Chameleons: Detecting Evolving Disinformation Generated using Large Language Models
Jiang, B., Zhao, C., Tan, Z., & Liu, H. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Machine Intelligence (CogMI) · doi:10.1109/cogmi62246.2024.00034 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Misinformation and Disinformation in Generative AI—A Survey
Srinivasan, R. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-8183-9_23 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Firm or Fickle? Evaluating Large Language Models Consistency in Sequential Interactions
Li, Y., Miao, Y., Ding, X., Krishnan, R., & Padman, R. (2025) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL (Findings of ACL) · doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.347 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Detecting Misinformation by Uncovering Commonsense Conflicts With LLM Workflows
Wang, B., Li, X., Chang-chun, L., Zhao, B., Guan, R., Wu, L. Y., & Han, J. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2025.3650588 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
When AI reviews science: Can we trust the referee?
Wang, J., Liu, Y., Xu, H., Hu, K., Di, S., Ni, W., Yue, L., Zhang, M.-L., Ren, K., & Chen, L. (2026) · The Innovation Informatics · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-inform.2026.100030 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rahman, A., Mohammadi, E., & Alhoori, H. (2024) · Natural Language Processing Journal · doi:10.1016/j.nlp.2024.100085 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Aligning Large Language Models for Faithful Integrity Against Opposing Argument
Zhao, Y., Deng, Y., Ng, S.-K., & Chua, T. (2025) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v39i26.34990 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
He, G., Zhang, M., Su, T., Ma, L., & Zhu, X. (2025) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2025.129273 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
AI-Facilitated Coercive Control: An Experimental Study
Kim, H., Ristenpart, T., & Dell, N. L. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790859 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Zeng, D., Liu, K., & Zhao, J. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing · doi:10.1109/taslpro.2026.3675803 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Beyond Accuracy: Experts See AI Fact-Checks as Accurate but Less Useful
Jia, C., Gondimalla, A., Zhang, A., Mullings, D. J., Boltz, A., & Lee, M. K. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791625 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Method for Detecting Knowledge Conflicts in Chinese Intelligent Agent Interactions
Cheng, H., Gu, Y., Xi, M., Zhong, Q., & Liu, W. (2025) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Information Knowledge and Management · doi:10.28945/5497
Kim, S. K., & Cho, H. (2025) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL (Findings of ACL) · doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.160
Phi: Preference Hijacking in Multi-modal Large Language Models at Inference Time
Lan, Y., Cao, Y., Zhang, W., Lü, L., & Chen, J. (2025) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.901
TurnBack: A Geospatial Route Cognition Benchmark for Large Language Models through Reverse Route
Luo, H., Cheng, Q., Matos, D., Gadi, H. K., Zhang, Y., Liu, L., Wang, Y., Zeller, N., Cremers, D., & Meng, L. (2025) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.440
Temporal Conflicts in LLMs: Reproducibility Insights from Unifying DYNAMICQA and MULAN
Dey, R., Ounis, I., McDonald, G., & Moshfeghi, Y. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-21324-2_8
Rodriguez, J., Hansen, Z., Anda, L. D., Rohrer, K., Grubb, C., Noriega-Atala, E., Surdeanu, M., & Slepian, M. J. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-68231-0
Peoples, N., Milne, W. K., Luo, B., & Yan, L. L. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-03160-w
- Authors
- Xu, R., Lin, B., Yang, S., Zhang, T., Shi, W., Zhang, T., Fang, Z., Xu, W., & Qiu, H.
- Affiliations
- Tsinghua University (CN)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Stanford University (US)
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute (CN)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
- Published
- 2024
- Pages
- 16259-16303
- ISSN
- 0736-587X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4402671159
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 22.26
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation
- National Research Foundation Singapore (NCRP25- P04-TAICeN, AISG2-GC-2023-008)
- Tsinghua University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Natural Language Processing Techniques
- Keywords
- large language models, belief updating, misinformation, belief revision
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review