Wastewater-contaminated groundwater as a source of endogenous hormones and pharmaceuticals to surface water ecosystems
Abstract
Increasing residential development in watershed recharge areas increases the likelihood of groundwater and surface water contamination by wastewater effluent, particularly where on-site sewage treatment is employed. This effluent contains a range of compounds including those that have been demonstrated to mimic or interfere with the function of natural hormones in aquatic organisms and humans. To explore whether groundwater contaminated by discharge from on-site septic systems affects water quality in surface water ecosystems, we measured steroidal hormones, pharmaceuticals, and other organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) in water collected from six aquifer-fed ponds in areas of higher and lower residential density on Cape Cod (Massachusetts, USA). We detected both a greater number and higher concentrations of OWCs in samples collected from ponds located in higher residential density areas. Most often detected were the steroidal hormones androstenedione, estrone, and progesterone and the pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, pentoxifylline, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. Of particular concern, estrogenic hormones were present at concentrations approaching those that induce physiological responses in fish. While a number of papers have reported on surface water contamination by OWCs from wastewater treatment plants, our results show that surface water ecosystems in unconfined aquifer settings are susceptible to contamination by estrogenic and other biologically active OWCs through recharge from aquifers contaminated by residential septic systems.
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Some organic wastewater compounds can persist during subsurface transport and end up in groundwater, surface water, and drinking water.
“Some OWCs can persist during subsurface transport and end up in groundwater (Swartz et al., 2006;Phillips et al., 2015), surface water (Standley et al., 2008;Dougherty et al., 2010) and drinking water (Verstraeten et al., 2005;Schaider et al., 2014).”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Standley et al., 2008
Although the authors previously found three endogenous hormones in groundwater-fed ponds on Cape Cod (3-6.5 ng/L), they did not detect hormones in 20 public wells on Cape Cod (MRLs 0.1-0.5 ng/L).
“Although we previously found three endogenous hormones in groundwater-fed ponds on Cape Cod (3-6.5 ng/L; Standley et al., 2008), we did not detect hormones in 20 public wells on Cape Cod (MRLs 0.1-0.5 ng/L; Schaider et al., 2014).”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Standley et al., 2008
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- Authors
- Standley, L. J., Rudel, R. A., Swartz, C. H., Attfield, K. R., Christian, J., Erickson, M., & Brody, J. G.
- Affiliations
- Silent Spring Institute (US)
- Stockholm Environment Institute (US)
- Columbia Analytical Services, 1317 South 13th Avenue, Kelso, Washington 98626, USA
- Corresponding author
- Standley, Laurel J
- Venue
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-12-01
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2457-2468
- ISSN
- 0730-7268 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8618
- OpenAlex
- W2000235046
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Pollution Assessment
- Keywords
- groundwater contamination, wastewater effluent, endocrine disruptors, steroid hormones, pharmaceuticals, septic systems, groundwater recharge, surface water contamination, estrogenic activity, housing density, unconfined aquifer, Cape Cod
- MeSH terms
- Pharmaceutical Preparations, Hormones, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Ecosystem
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