Informational Paper: Drug‐Associated Gingival Enlargement
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This informational paper is intended to provide the dental profession with an overview of existing evidence regarding the prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, and clinical management of drug‐associated gingival enlargement. J Periodontol 2004;75:1424‐1431.
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The severity of gingival overgrowth varies among different classes of drugs.
“The severity of overgrowth varies among different classes of drugs, with phenytoin having the highest incidence of reported cases, whereas cases associated with sodium valproate are minimal.”
From Sodium Valproate-Induced Gingival Enlargement in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report With Surgical Intervention (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The paper reports that gingival-overgrowth severity can differ with medication combinations: patients taking cyclosporine A plus a calcium channel blocker had more severe lesions than those taking cyclosporine A alone (Pharmacologic Category Agent Trade Name Prevalence; page not given). But its comparison of phenytoin with other drug categories concerns prevalence, not severity (Conclusion; page not given), so it does not establish the claimed severity difference across drug classes. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRisk factors for drug-induced gingival overgrowth include drug dose, genetic factors, plaque, gingival inflammation, periodontal health, age, and bacteria.
“The risk factors and causative agents that increase the abnormal growth of gingiva include age, genetic factors, drug doses, plaque inflammation, and bacteria [3,9].”
From Sodium Valproate-Induced Gingival Enlargement in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report With Surgical Intervention (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The “RISK FACTORS Plaque” section links plaque and gingival inflammation to enlargement, while “Other Factors” identifies age and HLA-associated genetic differences. But “Other Factors” says most studies found no significant association with drug dose, and the copy does not identify bacteria as a risk factor for the enlargement itself. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDocumented cases of sodium valproate-induced gingival enlargement are minimal.
“The documented cases of sodium valproate are minimal.”
From Sodium Valproate-Induced Gingival Enlargement in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report With Surgical Intervention (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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- Authors
- Dongari‐Bagtzoglou, A. I.
- Corresponding author
- Anna I. Dongari‐Bagtzoglou
- Venue
- Journal of Periodontology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1424-1431
- ISSN
- 0022-3492 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-3670
- OpenAlex
- W46952399
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 16.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Periodontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Oral and gingival health research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
- Keywords
- gingival hyperplasia, prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical management, antiepileptic drugs, immunosuppressants, antithrombotic agents
- MeSH terms
- Anticonvulsants, Calcium Channel Blockers, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Risk Factors, Gingival Overgrowth
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