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PreprintCited by 19Antimicrobial Peptides and ActivitiesAntimicrobial agents and applicationsProtein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides

Antibacterial Properties of Peptide and Protein Fractions from the Cornu aspersum Mucus

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Velkova, Lyudmila, Dolashki, Aleksandar, Petrova, Ventsislava, Pisareva, Emiliya, Kaynarov, Dimitar, Kermedchiev, Momchil, Todorova, Marya, Dolashka, Pavlina·2024·Molecules
DOI 10.20944/preprints202404.1943.v1PMC PMC11206429

Preprint — published as 10.3390/molecules29122886

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Abstract

The study of biologically active substances from natural sources shows the prospect of obtaining a new type of antimicrobial agents, highly effective against pathogenic microorganisms and non-toxic to humans. Our study reveals for the first time that Cornu aspersum mucus has the potential to act as a source of antibacterial agents against bacterial pathogens such as Bacillus cereus 1085, Propionibacterium acnes 1897, Salmonella enterica 8691, Enterococcus faecalis 3915, and Enterococcus faecium 8754. Both mucus fractions with MW<20 kDa and MW>20 kDa showed antimicrobial activity and antioxidant properties that’s why they can be turned into an alternative agent to expensive synthetic antibacterial compounds. Using de novo sequencing 16 novel peptides with potential antibacterial activity were identified by in a fraction with MW<20 kDa. The results of electrophoretic and proteomic analysis of mucus fraction with MW >20 kDa presented proteins with potential antibacterial activity highly homologous to hemocyanins, mucus protein Aspernin, lectins, L-amino acid oxidase-like protein, and mucins (mucin-5AC, mucin-5B, mucin-2 and mucin-17). Thanks to the synergistic action of the bioactive components, the mucus fraction with MW > 20 kDa in low concentrations per 8–2 µg/mL showed promising antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria, comparable to Vancomycin and without unwanted cytotoxic effects against non-target cells. Additionally, C. aspersum mucus fractions were found to have a positive effect on eukaryotic organisms by reducing the levels of intracellular oxidative damage and increasing the antioxidant capacity of the cell. These findings could serve as a basis for the development of a potent non-cytotoxic antibacterial agent to replace conventional antibiotics and avoid the development of antibiotic resistance.

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  • Snail secretion consists of a diluted network of polymers and low molecular substances.

    “Snail secretion consists of a diluted network of polymers and low molecular substances [5,8,22,24,25,29].”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [8]

    The Discussion (p. 18) identifies mucins as large macromolecules in C. aspersum mucus, and the Conclusions (p. 22) report small peptides in a mucus fraction. These passages support the presence of large and low-molecular-weight components, but do not describe the secretion as a diluted network of polymers. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Antimicrobial proteins with MW >20 kDa such as aspernin, hemocyanins, H-lectins, L-amino acid oxidase-like protein, and mucins (mucin-5AC, mucin-5B, mucin-2, and mucin-17) were determined in C. aspersum mucus by proteomic analysis.

    “Such antimicrobial proteins with an MW > 20 kDa, like aspernin, hemocyanins, H-lectins, L-amino acid oxidase-like protein, and mucins (mucin-5AC, mucin-5B, mucin-2, and mucin-17), were determined via a proteomic analysis on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and bioinformatics in the mucus of C. aspersum [8].”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [8]

  • Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of C. aspersum mucus depend on snails' housing conditions, the season, the diet, the collection method, the species of snail, the methods of mucus preservation, and the type of secretory glands and tissue structures.

    “Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of mucus depend on snails’ housing conditions, the season, the diet, the collection method, the species of snail, the methods of mucus preservation (freezing, sublimation, etc.), the type of secretory glands and tissue structures, etc.”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [8]

    The Preparation sections (pp. 3, 20) describe one C. aspersum collection and processing procedure, but do not compare conditions or say that those procedures change mucus characteristics. Searches for housing, season, diet, preservation, and gland or tissue type found no passage in our copy establishing the claimed dependencies. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Velkova, L., Dolashki, A., Petrova, V., Pisareva, E., Kaynarov, D., Kermedchiev, M., Todorova, M., & Dolashka, P.
Affiliations
  • Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BG)
  • Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" (BG)
Corresponding author
Dolashka, Pavlina
ORCID
Venue
Molecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-04-29
Volume
29
Issue
12
Pages
2886-2886
ISSN
1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.20944/preprints202404.1943.v1
PMC
PMC11206429
OpenAlex
W4399786711
Cited by
19
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4
FWCI
4.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Bulgarian National Science Fund (KP-06 PN61-8/2022)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
Keywords
Helix aspersa, mucus, antibacterial peptides, antibacterial proteins, novel peptides, antimicrobial resistance, Bacillus cereus, Propionibacterium acnes, Salmonella enterica, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, hemocyanin, mucin, antioxidant capacity, natural antimicrobials
MeSH terms
Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacillus cereus, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Mucus, Peptides, Propionibacterium acnes, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enterica

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