CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,263Race, Genetics, and SocietyMedical History and ResearchEthics and bioethics in healthcare

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care.

Open access
Gamble, V N·1997·American Journal of Public Health
DOI 10.2105/ajph.87.11.1773PMC PMC1381160
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study continues to cast its long shadow on the contemporary relationship between African Americans and the biomedical community. Numerous reports have argued that the Tuskegee Syphilis Study is the most important reason why many African Americans distrust the institutions of medicine and public health. Such an interpretation neglects a critical historical point: the mistrust predated public revelations about the Tuskegee study. This paper places the syphilis study within a broader historical and social context to demonstrate that several factors have influenced--and continue to influence--African American's attitudes toward the biomedical community.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2105/ajph.87.11.1773

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 32 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Research," American Journal of Preventive Medicine 9 (1993): 35-38;
  2. A detailed examination of the campaign to establish Black hospitals can be found in Vanessa Northington Gamble, Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
  3. H. M. Green, A More or Less Critical Review of the Hospital Situation among Negroes in the United States (n.d., circa 1930), 4-5.
  4. Frances Cress Welsing, The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors (Chicago: Third World Press, 1991), 298-299. Although she is not very well known outside of the African- American community, Welsing, a physician, is a popular figure within it. The Isis Papers headed for several weeks the best-seller list maintained by Black bookstores.
  5. "Fear Creates Lack of Donor Organs among Blacks," Weekend Edition, National Public Radio, 13 March 1994.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 999

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Gamble, V. N.
Affiliations
University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Corresponding author
Gamble, V N
Venue
American Journal of Public Health
Publisher
American Public Health Association
Published
1997-11
Volume
87
Issue
11
Pages
1773-1778
ISSN
  • 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
  • 1541-0048
DOI
10.2105/ajph.87.11.1773
PMC
PMC1381160
OpenAlex
W2123107134
Cited by
1,263
References
32
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 47
FWCI
2.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Kaiser Permanente
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Medical History and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
Keywords
Tuskegee syphilis study, African Americans, health care, biomedical research ethics, history of medicine
MeSH terms
Alabama, Black or African American, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Human Experimentation, Prejudice, Syphilis, Patient Selection, Value of Life, Trust, Research Subjects, Biomedical Research, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review