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Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care.
Open accessAbstract
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study continues to cast its long shadow on the contemporary relationship between African Americans and the biomedical community. Numerous reports have argued that the Tuskegee Syphilis Study is the most important reason why many African Americans distrust the institutions of medicine and public health. Such an interpretation neglects a critical historical point: the mistrust predated public revelations about the Tuskegee study. This paper places the syphilis study within a broader historical and social context to demonstrate that several factors have influenced--and continue to influence--African American's attitudes toward the biomedical community.
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“Informed mistrust refers to the skepticism protected groups may have toward AI owing to historical exploitation and unethical practices in healthcare [84, 85]. This mistrust may lead these patients to avoid care or intentionally conceal information from clinicians or systems using AI.”
From Fairness of artificial intelligence in healthcare: review and recommendations (2024) · cites this paper as [84]
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“Throughout history, Black individuals have been exploited in medical research without consent, most infamously in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study [ 94 – 96 ].”
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Catania, J. A., Wolf, L. E., Wertleib, S., Lo, B., & Henne, J. (2007) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1525/jer.2007.2.4.53 · Cited by 15
Frew, P. M., Schamel, J. T., O’Connell, K., Randall, L., & Boggavarapu, S. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13010041 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Gamble, V. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gamble, V N
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 1997-11
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1773-1778
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC1381160
- OpenAlex
- W2123107134
- Cited by
- 1,263
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Kaiser Permanente
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Medical History and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
- Keywords
- Tuskegee syphilis study, African Americans, health care, biomedical research ethics, history of medicine
- MeSH terms
- Alabama, Black or African American, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Human Experimentation, Prejudice, Syphilis, Patient Selection, Value of Life, Trust, Research Subjects, Biomedical Research, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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