Lower Devonian coaly shales of northern New Brunswick, Canada: plant accumulations in the early stages of Terrestrial colonization
Abstract
We describe two Early Devonian occurrences of coaly shale composed mainly of the compacted remains of early plants, such that they resemble coal. Among the earliest thick phytodebris accumulations known, the occurrences lie within Pragian strata of the Val d'Amour Formation and Emsian strata of the Campbellton Formation of northern New Brunswick, and were deposited in low-energy wetlands where they were rapidly buried. Although the coaly shales did not yield recognizable plant taxa, numerous taxa are present in adjacent beds. Petrographic analysis revealed an average of 80.7% vitrinite (predominantly telovitrinite) and 18.7% liptinite (predominantly sporinite) on a mineral-matter-free basis, with a higher vitrinite content than most Devonian coals. Low sulfur content and atomic C/N ratios that vary from 44.3 to 82.1 in organic-rich samples indicate terrestrial derivation. Vitrinite reflectance in organic-rich samples (21.4–35.6 wt % total organic carbon) ranges from 0.48 to 1.00, indicating a low degree of thermal alteration that is supported by cross-polarization spectra from studies of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance; two carbon-poor samples were thermally altered to anthracitic rank adjacent to an intrusive body. Although plants at this time were still comparatively primitive, the presence at both sites of specimens with recognizable lignified cellular structures in vitrinite and particularly thick and resistant cuticle may represent an important step in peat development. In these Early Devonian formations, diverse assemblages of small vascular plants are present in a range of environments, and the plants were sufficiently abundant to form coal-like accumulations under suitable burial conditions, serving as a proxy for plant biomass and vegetation cover in the early stages of terrestrial colonization.
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Earlier plants developed peatlands and had rock-weathering capabilities, so they could also have affected the global carbon cycle.
“Given that earlier plants developed peatlands (28), and had rock-weathering capabilities (20, 21), they could also have affected the global carbon cycle (18, 20).”
From Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
Early Devonian coaly shales indicate extensive peatlands 410-400 Ma and have C/N of 44-119, comparable to modern peatlands where C/P ratios tend to increase with depth to C/P >3,000.
“Furthermore, Early Devonian coaly shales indicate extensive peatlands 410 -400 Ma and have C/N of 44 -119 (28), comparable to that in modern peatlands where N/P and C/P ratios tend to increase with depth to C/P > 3,000 (34).”
From Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
The early charcoal record was compiled from the literature using existing compilations and checking them where possible against the original sources.
“The early charcoal record (Table S1) was compiled from the literature (11, 12, 28, 44 -72) using existing compilations (12, 44 -47) and checking them where possible against the original sources.”
From Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
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- Authors
- Kennedy, K. L., Gibling, M. R., Eble, C. F., Gastaldo, R. A., Gensel, P. G., Werner-Zwanziger, U., & Wilson, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Colby College (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- 5 Department of Chemistry, IRM, ARMRC, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3, Canada
- 6 Geological Surveys Branch, New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources, Bathurst, New Brunswick, E2A 3Z1, Canada
- Venue
- Journal of Sedimentary Research
- Publisher
- Society for Sedimentary Geology
- Published
- 2013-12-01
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1202-1215
- ISSN
- 0022-4472 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-3681
- 1527-1404
- OpenAlex
- W2098919328
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sedimentary Research (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Geological Society of America
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Coal and Its By-products
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
- Keywords
- coaly shale, Lower Devonian, land colonization, vitrinite, liptinite, vitrinite reflectance, C/N ratio, cuticle, plant biomass, northern New Brunswick
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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