The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 24 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effects of Habitual Smoking on Cardiorespiratory Responses to Sub-maximal Exercise
Open accessAbstract
The effects of habitual cigarette smoking on cardiorespiratory responses to sub-maximal and maximal work were evaluated in nine adult nonsmokers and nine smokers with a mean age of 33 yr. A maximal treadmill test was followed by three tests at 45, 60 and 75% of each subject's VO(2)max. Compared to nonsmokers, the habitual smokers had a non-significantly lower VO(2)max in L/min and per lean body mass (9 and 6%, respectively), but had higher %fat (p<0.01), resulting in a significantly lower VO(2)max per kg body wt (13%, p<0.03). Maximal exercise ventilation (V(E)) was 16% lower in smokers. During sub-maximal work at equivalent exercise stress levels in the two groups, the V(E)/VO(2) ratio was higher in smokers by an average of 11% because VO(2) was lower and the respiratory exchange ratio values were significantly elevated in smokers at 75% of VO(2)max. Blood lactate concentrations in smokers were higher as workloads increased and O(2) pulse (VO(2)/HR) was significantly lower throughout, indicating reduced O(2) extraction, probably due to carbon monoxide. The resting HR was significantly higher in smokers and the HR recovery following all three submaximal exercises was significantly slower in smokers. These results show that detrimental cardiorespiratory effects of chronic cigarette smoking in apparently healthy individuals are evident at moderate exercise levels as reduced gas exchange efficiency in lungs and muscles.
Overview
CoChat Summary
TL;DR
In 9 habitual smokers and 9 nonsmokers, chronic smoking was associated with reduced cardiorespiratory efficiency during submaximal exercise despite similar maximal oxygen uptake in L/min. The authors conclude that detrimental effects are evident at moderate exercise levels as reduced pulmonary and tissue gas exchange efficiency.
Key findings
- Smokers had non-significantly lower V̇O2max in L/min and per lean body mass (9% and 6%, respectively), but significantly higher %fat (p<0.01) and a 13% lower V̇O2max per kg body weight (p<0.03).
- Maximal exercise ventilation was 16% lower in smokers (p=0.06); during submaximal work at equivalent exercise stress, the V̇E/V̇O2 ratio was higher in smokers by an average of 11%, and RER was significantly elevated at 75% of V̇O2max.
- Blood lactate concentrations were higher in smokers as workloads increased, with a steeper rise (p=0.022), and O2 pulse (V̇O2/HR) was 8% lower on average across four measurements (p=0.005).
- Resting HR was significantly higher in smokers (73 vs 61 bpm, p=0.03), and HR recovery after all three submaximal exercises was significantly slower in smokers, with recovery “slopes” averaging 43% higher in nonsmokers.
Methods
- Eighteen healthy males (9 smokers, 9 nonsmokers; mean age 33 yr) from the same law enforcement department with similar regular physical exercise; smokers had smoked an average of 15 cigarettes/day for at least five years.
- After a maximal treadmill test, subjects completed three 10-min steady-state submaximal treadmill tests at 3.3 MPH predicted to approximate 45%, 60%, and 75% of each subject’s V̇O2max, on separate occasions seven days apart, after overnight abstinence from smoking and eating.
- Cardiorespiratory variables included HR, V̇O2, V̇CO2, RER, V̇E, tidal volume, breathing rate, O2 pulse, blood lactate, HbCO, Hb, and Hct; comparisons used ANCOVA and ANOVA, with lactate slope tested by ANCOVA.
Limitations
- Stated: the authors note that groups with similar age, exercise habits, body composition, and V̇O2max are difficult to assemble, resulting in few well-controlled studies where smoking is the only variable.
- Evident: the sample was small (n=9 per group), all male law enforcement employees, and cross-sectional, limiting generalizability and causal inference.
- Evident: subjects abstained overnight from smoking, so acute smoking effects were excluded; O2 extraction was inferred from O2 pulse under the assumption that stroke volume was constant, without direct cardiac output measurement.
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Claims the paper makes
0 Valid · 0 Not valid · 20 Not checked · 38 Own results and interpretations
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the HR recovery following all three submaximal exercises was significantly slower in smokers.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The rate of HR recovery after exercise was always slower in smokers (Fig. 3), with “slopes” averaging 43% higher in nonsmokers, and this results was significant at each exercise level.”
plainstates an associationn = 9 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, at 100% of V ˙O2 max the V ˙E/V ˙O2 ratio was 8% lower in smokers because V ˙E was lower.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blood lactate concentrations in smokers were higher as workloads increased”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The lactate levels were significantly higher for smokers (pϭ0.005 by ANCOVA over all three workloads) and the rise with workload was steeper for the smokers compared with the nonsmokers (pϭ0.022).”
plainstates an associationn = 9 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lactate levels were significantly higher for smokers (pϭ0.005 by ANCOVA over all three workloads)”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maximal exercise ventilation (V ˙E) was 16% lower in smokers.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The V ˙E was similar for the groups at the three sub-maximal runs, but 16% less for smokers at V ˙O2 max (pϭ0.06).”
plainstates an associationn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
33 more claims
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Methods
“A respiratory exchange ratio (RER) value Ͼ1.15 was required to accept the V ˙O2 max value.”
§ Discussion
“| Mean | 73 | 130 | 79 | 16.6 | 45.9 | 188 | 93.9 | 1.14 | 31.8 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Discussion
“The HR responses of the nonsmokers and smokers to all levels of sub-maximal and maximal exercise were similar (Fig. 2), but the O 2 pulse was always lower in smokers (Fig. 3).”
§ Discussion
“Fig.2Exercise HR, O 2 pulse (V ˙O2 /HR) and venous lactate levels in smokers and nonsmokers.”
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Health and Wellness in People Living with Serious Mental Illness
(2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774 · Cited by 2
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Teloniatis, S., Tzortzi, A., Evangelopoulou, V., & BEHRAKIS, P. K. (2017) · Tobacco Prevention & Cessation · doi:10.18332/tpc/74705 · Cited by 2
Sayer, J., & Serchuk, M. D. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg11 · Cited by 1
Análisis de la aptitud aeróbica en jóvenes fumadores aparentemente sanos
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Chapter 12. Improving Diet, Activity, and Weight
Hoerster, K. D., & Young, A. S. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg12 · Cited by 1
COMPARAÇÃO DA MODULAÇÃO AUTONÔMICA CARDÍACA DURANTE ESFORÇO DE FUMANTES E NÃO FUMANTES
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Changes in Oxygen Saturation and Walk in Relation to Smoking and Types of Shoes
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Influência de variáveis espirométricas e transporte mucociliar na funcionalidade de tabagistas leves
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The influence of active and passive smoking on the cardiorespiratory fitness of adults
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Chapter 5. Consequences of and Life Choices Related to Living With a Serious Mental Illness
Bink, A. B., & Corrigan, P. W. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg05
Chapter 14. Final Thoughts: Moving Forward
Corrigan, P. W., & Ballentine, S. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg14
Chapter 8. Shared Decision Making
Powell, K. J., & Corrigan, P. W. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg08
Chapter 6. Impact of Medication Effects on Physical Health
Hert, M. D., Detraux, J., & Vancampfort, D. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg06
Chapter 2. Research Considerations and Community-Based Participatory Research
Sheehan, L. L., Nieweglowski, K., & Sun, Y. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg02
(2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.index
Chapter 13. The COVID-19 Pandemic
Corrigan, P. W., & Qin, S. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg13
Chapter 1. Breadth and Depth of Mortality and Morbidity
Corrigan, P. W., Kundert, C. D., & Catanese, S. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg01
(2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.fm01
Chapter 3. Effects of Concurrent Substance Use
Gaba, A., Feman, S. P. C., Clary, K. M., & Smelson, D. A. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg03
Chapter 4. Health Service Disparities
Sayer, J., & Pickett, S. A. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg04
Chapter 9. Healthy Living Skills
Kelly, E. L., & Brekke, J. S. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg09
Chapter 10. Health Navigators to Address Wellness
Sheehan, L. L., Kundert, C. D., & Larson, J. E. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg10
Chapter 7. Role of Medical Homes in Primary Care
Chang, E. T., & Young, A. S. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379774.lg07
Siddall, A. (2012) · The University of Bath Online Publications Store (The University of Bath) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.3043.6001
Evaluation of Smoking Behaviors and Attitudes of Visually Impaired Weightlifters and Coaches
Karaca, F. S., Özbay, E., Erdağı, K., Parpa, K., & Işık, B. (2026) · Journal of Sport Science & Innovation · doi:10.65668/774qaq34
Borrelli, M., Motalli, A., Toninelli, N., Longo, S., Coratella, G., Cè, E., Limonta, E., Rampichini, S., & Esposito, F. (2026) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.70238
Vascular Function and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adults Who Use Nicotine Vapes
Boidin, M., Degens, H., Junejo, R. T., Meharg, R., Birkett, S. T., Somani, Y. B., Evison, M., & Fetterman, J. L. (2026) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2026.4626
Metadata
- Authors
- Kobayashi, Y., Takeuchi, T., Hosoi, T., & Loeppky, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Chukyo University (JP)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Venue
- Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 163-169
- ISSN
- 1345-3475 (ISSN-L)
- 1347-5355
- OpenAlex
- W2052683842
- Semantic Scholar
- 9b06702582ed857dc4c428b8379ce31e46e5a10b
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, cardiorespiratory responses, submaximal exercise, maximal exercise, VO2max, exercise ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio, blood lactate, oxygen pulse, carbon monoxide, heart rate recovery
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Exercise Test, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Smoking, Exercise, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-13, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-13 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
