The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 24 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effects of Habitual Smoking on Cardiorespiratory Responses to Sub-maximal Exercise
Open accessAbstract
The effects of habitual cigarette smoking on cardiorespiratory responses to sub-maximal and maximal work were evaluated in nine adult nonsmokers and nine smokers with a mean age of 33 yr. A maximal treadmill test was followed by three tests at 45, 60 and 75% of each subject's VO(2)max. Compared to nonsmokers, the habitual smokers had a non-significantly lower VO(2)max in L/min and per lean body mass (9 and 6%, respectively), but had higher %fat (p<0.01), resulting in a significantly lower VO(2)max per kg body wt (13%, p<0.03). Maximal exercise ventilation (V(E)) was 16% lower in smokers. During sub-maximal work at equivalent exercise stress levels in the two groups, the V(E)/VO(2) ratio was higher in smokers by an average of 11% because VO(2) was lower and the respiratory exchange ratio values were significantly elevated in smokers at 75% of VO(2)max. Blood lactate concentrations in smokers were higher as workloads increased and O(2) pulse (VO(2)/HR) was significantly lower throughout, indicating reduced O(2) extraction, probably due to carbon monoxide. The resting HR was significantly higher in smokers and the HR recovery following all three submaximal exercises was significantly slower in smokers. These results show that detrimental cardiorespiratory effects of chronic cigarette smoking in apparently healthy individuals are evident at moderate exercise levels as reduced gas exchange efficiency in lungs and muscles.
Overview
CoChat Summary
TL;DR
In 9 habitual smokers and 9 nonsmokers, chronic smoking was associated with reduced cardiorespiratory efficiency during submaximal exercise despite similar maximal oxygen uptake in L/min. The authors conclude that detrimental effects are evident at moderate exercise levels as reduced pulmonary and tissue gas exchange efficiency.
Key findings
- Smokers had non-significantly lower V̇O2max in L/min and per lean body mass (9% and 6%, respectively), but significantly higher %fat (p<0.01) and a 13% lower V̇O2max per kg body weight (p<0.03).
- Maximal exercise ventilation was 16% lower in smokers (p=0.06); during submaximal work at equivalent exercise stress, the V̇E/V̇O2 ratio was higher in smokers by an average of 11%, and RER was significantly elevated at 75% of V̇O2max.
- Blood lactate concentrations were higher in smokers as workloads increased, with a steeper rise (p=0.022), and O2 pulse (V̇O2/HR) was 8% lower on average across four measurements (p=0.005).
- Resting HR was significantly higher in smokers (73 vs 61 bpm, p=0.03), and HR recovery after all three submaximal exercises was significantly slower in smokers, with recovery “slopes” averaging 43% higher in nonsmokers.
Methods
- Eighteen healthy males (9 smokers, 9 nonsmokers; mean age 33 yr) from the same law enforcement department with similar regular physical exercise; smokers had smoked an average of 15 cigarettes/day for at least five years.
- After a maximal treadmill test, subjects completed three 10-min steady-state submaximal treadmill tests at 3.3 MPH predicted to approximate 45%, 60%, and 75% of each subject’s V̇O2max, on separate occasions seven days apart, after overnight abstinence from smoking and eating.
- Cardiorespiratory variables included HR, V̇O2, V̇CO2, RER, V̇E, tidal volume, breathing rate, O2 pulse, blood lactate, HbCO, Hb, and Hct; comparisons used ANCOVA and ANOVA, with lactate slope tested by ANCOVA.
Limitations
- Stated: the authors note that groups with similar age, exercise habits, body composition, and V̇O2max are difficult to assemble, resulting in few well-controlled studies where smoking is the only variable.
- Evident: the sample was small (n=9 per group), all male law enforcement employees, and cross-sectional, limiting generalizability and causal inference.
- Evident: subjects abstained overnight from smoking, so acute smoking effects were excluded; O2 extraction was inferred from O2 pulse under the assumption that stroke volume was constant, without direct cardiac output measurement.
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Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
0 Valid · 0 Not valid · 20 Not checked · 38 Own results and interpretations
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the HR recovery following all three submaximal exercises was significantly slower in smokers.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The rate of HR recovery after exercise was always slower in smokers (Fig. 3), with “slopes” averaging 43% higher in nonsmokers, and this results was significant at each exercise level.”
plainstates an associationn = 9 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, at 100% of V ˙O2 max the V ˙E/V ˙O2 ratio was 8% lower in smokers because V ˙E was lower.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blood lactate concentrations in smokers were higher as workloads increased”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The lactate levels were significantly higher for smokers (pϭ0.005 by ANCOVA over all three workloads) and the rise with workload was steeper for the smokers compared with the nonsmokers (pϭ0.022).”
plainstates an associationn = 9 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lactate levels were significantly higher for smokers (pϭ0.005 by ANCOVA over all three workloads)”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maximal exercise ventilation (V ˙E) was 16% lower in smokers.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The V ˙E was similar for the groups at the three sub-maximal runs, but 16% less for smokers at V ˙O2 max (pϭ0.06).”
plainstates an associationn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
33 more claims
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 9
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Methods
“A respiratory exchange ratio (RER) value Ͼ1.15 was required to accept the V ˙O2 max value.”
§ Discussion
“| Mean | 73 | 130 | 79 | 16.6 | 45.9 | 188 | 93.9 | 1.14 | 31.8 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Discussion
“The HR responses of the nonsmokers and smokers to all levels of sub-maximal and maximal exercise were similar (Fig. 2), but the O 2 pulse was always lower in smokers (Fig. 3).”
§ Discussion
“Fig.2Exercise HR, O 2 pulse (V ˙O2 /HR) and venous lactate levels in smokers and nonsmokers.”
Citations
Cites
DENSITOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF BODY COMPOSITION: REVISION OF SOME QUANTITATIVE ASSUMPTIONS*
Brožek, J., Grande, F., Anderson, J. T., & Keys, A. (1963) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb17079.x · Cited by 1,531
A simplified method for determination of residual lung volumes.
Wilmore, J. H. (1969) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1969.27.1.96 · Cited by 533
Relationships between exercise or physical activity and other health behaviors.
Blair, S. N., Jacobs, D. R., & Powell, K. E. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 296
Froelicher, V. F., Brammell, H. L., Davis, G., Noguera, I., Stewart, A. J., & Lancaster, M. C. (1974) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.65.5.512 · Cited by 128
Quitting Smoking May Restore Hematological Characteristics within Five Years
Tiel, E. V. (2002) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(01)00282-4 · Cited by 101
Factors Associated with Injury Proneness
Lysens, R., Weerdt, W. D., & Nieuwboer, A. (1991) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199112050-00001 · Cited by 90
A Longitudinal Study on Smoking in Relationship to Fitness and Heart Rate Response
Bernaards, C. M., Twisk, J. W. R., van Mechelen, W., Snel, J., & Kemper, H. C. G. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000064955.31005.e0 · Cited by 87
Effect of carbon monoxide on oxygen transport during exercise
Vogel, J. A., & Gleser, M. A. (1972) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1972.32.2.234 · Cited by 78
Response to Submaximal and Maximal Exercise at Different Levels of Carboxyhemoglobin
Ekblom, B., & Huot, R. (1972) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1972.tb05350.x · Cited by 69
Acute effects of cigarette smoking and inhalation of carbon monoxide during maximal exercise
Klausen, K., Andersen, C., & Nandrup, S. (1983) · European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00429074 · Cited by 67
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Blair SN, Jacobs DR, Jr, Powel KE, 1985, Public Health Rep, 100, 172
- 10.1001/jama.198.10.1061 · DOI
- Froelicher VF, Jr, Brammell H, Davis G, Noguera I, Stewart A, Lancaster MC, 1974, Chest, 66, 512
- Katz SD, Maskin C, Jondeau G, Cocke T, Berkowitz R, LeJemtel T, 2000, J Appl Physiol, 88, 2138
- 1989, Aviat Space Environ Med, 60, 1077
- Rotstein A, Sagiv M, Yaniv-Tamir A, Fisher N, Dotan R, 1991, Int J Sports Med, 12, 281
Cited by
Papathanasiou, G., Georgakopoulos, D., Papageorgiou, E. G., Zerva, E., Michalis, L., Kalfakakou, V., & Evangelou, A. M. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 72
Effects of smoking on cardiovascular function: the role of nicotine and carbon monoxide
Papathanasiou, G., Mamali, A., Παπαφλοράτος, Σ., & Zerva, E. (2014) · ICUS and Nursing Web Journal · Cited by 72
The influence of active and passive smoking on the cardiorespiratory fitness of adults
de Borba, A. T., Jost, R. T., Gass, R., Nedel, F. B., Cardoso, D. M., Pohl, H. H., Reckziegel, M. B., Corbellini, V. A., & Paiva, D. N. (2014) · Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1186/2049-6958-9-34 · Cited by 55
Association of Tobacco Smoking with Physical Fitness of Military Males in Taiwan: The CHIEF Study
Su, F., Wang, S., Lu, H. H., & Lin, G. (2020) · Canadian Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1155/2020/5968189 · Cited by 43
Alahmari, K. A., Rengaramanujam, K., Reddy, R. S., Samuel, P. S., Kakaraparthi, V. N., Ahmad, I., & Tedla, J. S. (2020) · Canadian Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1155/2020/3407345 · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Kobayashi, Y., Takeuchi, T., Hosoi, T., & Loeppky, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Chukyo University (JP)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Venue
- Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 163-169
- ISSN
- 1345-3475 (ISSN-L)
- 1347-5355
- OpenAlex
- W2052683842
- Semantic Scholar
- 9b06702582ed857dc4c428b8379ce31e46e5a10b
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, cardiorespiratory responses, submaximal exercise, maximal exercise, VO2max, exercise ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio, blood lactate, oxygen pulse, carbon monoxide, heart rate recovery
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Exercise Test, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Smoking, Exercise, Case-Control Studies
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
