Comedogenicity of squalene monohydroperoxide in the skin after topical application.
Open accessAbstract
The comedogenicity of squalene peroxides was examined on the rabbit ear skin after topical application of squalene-monohydroperoxide (Sq-OOH), the initial product when squalene was irradiated with UV-A. Since comedogenic products from UV-irradiated squalene were extracted with methanol solution, we isolated Sq-OOH by reverse-phased HPLC with a methanol mobile phase solvent. The degree of comedogenic reaction induced by Sq-OOH was higher than that of well-known comedogenic cosmetic ingredients. Unlike two other mono-peroxides, tert-butyl hydroperoxide and cumene-mono-hydroperoxide, Sq-OOH induced comedo-formation in the rabbit ear skin. However, the comedogenicity of reduced Sq-OOH, squalene-hydroxide (Sq-OH) and squalene itself was lower than that of Sq-OOH. These results indicate that Sq-OOH is a potent comedogenic mono-hydroperoxide chemical to rabbit skin.
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Peroxidated squalene along with unsaturated free fatty acids has been reported to be comedogenic and responsible for pathological skin conditions.
“On the other hand, peroxidated squalene along with unsaturated free fatty acids (FFA), has been reported to be comedogenic and therefore responsible for pathological skin conditions.8,9”
From Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
The Results (p. 4) report comedone formation after topical application of squalene monohydroperoxide to rabbit ears. The Discussion (p. 6) suggests a role in acne, but does not establish that it is responsible for pathological skin conditions in humans. The Introduction (p. 1) mentions fatty acids as compounds used in comedogenicity studies, without establishing the claim for unsaturated free fatty acids. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Chiba, K., Yoshizawa, K., Makino, I., Kado, S., Onoue, M. and Tohyama, K. (1993): An improved method for evaluation of the comedogenicity using rabbit's auricular inside skin. Journal of Japanese Cosmetic Science Society., 17, 65-72.
- Draize, J.H. (1959): Dermal toxicity. In appraisal of the safety of chemicals in food, drugs and cosmetics, pp. 46. The association of food and drug officials of the United States, Austin, TX.
- Imamizo, Y., Koda, S., Sano, M., Shimoi, N., Takizawa, T., Handa, J., Hase, F., Matsumoto, K.M., Miura, M. and Yoshimura, I. (1987): Statistics for toxicological or clinical data. Evaluation using case studies. (Yoshimura, I. ed.), Scientist Inc., Tokyo (in Japanese).
- Ohkido, M., Yoshino, K. and Matsuo, I. (1980): Lipid peroxide of human skin, in Biochemistry of Normal and Abnormal Epidermal Differentiation, (Bernstein, I.A. and Seiji, M. eds.), pp. 269-278., Univ., Tokyo.
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Picardo, M., Ottaviani, M., Camera, E., & Mastrofrancesco, A. (2009) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.1.2.8472 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids
Lovászi, M., Szegedi, A., Zouboulis, C. C., & Törőcsik, D. (2017) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/19381980.2017.1375636 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“On the other hand, peroxidated squalene along with unsaturated free fatty acids (FFA), has been reported to be comedogenic and therefore responsible for pathological skin conditions.(8,9)”
BackgroundPortugal, M., Barak, V., Ginsburg, I., & Kohen, R. (2007) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2007.05.010 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Pham, D. ‐., Boussouira, B., Moyal, D., & Nguyen, Q. L. (2015) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/ics.12208 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Yields and Variability of Ozone Reaction Products from Human Skin
Morrison, G. C., Eftekhari, A., Majluf, F., & Krechmer, J. E. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05262 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
- Authors
- CHIBA, K., YOSHIZAWA, K., MAKINO, I., KAWAKAMI, K., & ONOUE, M.
- Affiliations
- Yakult Central Institute (JP)
- ORCID
- KAWAKAMI, Koji
- Venue
- The Journal of Toxicological Sciences
- Publisher
- Japanese Society of Toxicology
- Published
- 2000
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 77-83
- ISSN
- 0388-1350 (ISSN-L)
- 1880-3989
- OpenAlex
- W2054167716
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Toxicological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- comedogenicity, squalene, UVA irradiation, topical application, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cosmetic ingredients
- MeSH terms
- Acne Vulgaris, Administration, Topical, Animals, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Ear, External, Hydrogen Peroxide, Lipid Peroxides, Male, Photolysis, Rabbits, Skin, Squalene, Ultraviolet Rays, Toxicity Tests
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