Soil quality at a national scale in New Zealand
Abstract
New Zealand is a signatory to international conventions on environmental performance, and soil quality information is needed for reporting both at a national and regional level. Soil quality was measured at 222 sites in five regions of New Zealand (12 soil orders and 9 land-use categories). Topsoil (0-100 mm) properties measured were total carbon and nitrogen, potentially mineralizable N, pH, Olsen P, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, and total available and readily available water. Our objectives were to gauge the representativeness of the sample, determine the contribution from land use or soil order to variability, rationalize the data set, and identify concerns for long-term sustainable land use. Soil and land use combinations were both under- or overrepresented in the data set compared with national distribution. Soil order and land-use categories explained 55 to 76% of the variance in soil properties. Total C contents of pastures were comparable with indigenous forest soils, but pastures were less acidic and with higher N and P contents. Plantation forests had characteristics similar to indigenous forests on comparable soils. Cropland soils comprised <1% of the national land cover and generally had high inorganic fertility and low organic matter, with evidence of compaction. Seven characteristics (total C, total N, mineralizable N, pH, Olsen P, bulk density, and macroporosity) explained 87% of the total variability. The findings are being used by monitoring agencies to raise awareness about soil quality in the wider community, set land management guidelines, and develop policies.
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After initial data reduction, simple or multiple correlation analysis can further decrease the number of indicators, sometimes followed by expert judgement for choosing only one out of two or more highly correlated soil properties.
“After this initial data reduction, simple or multiple correlation analysis can further decrease the number of indicators (Andrews and Carroll, 2001; Kosmas et al., 2014), sometimes followed by the use of expert judgement for choosing only one out of two or more highly correlated soil properties (Sparling and Schipper, 2002).”
From Soil quality – A critical review (2018) · cites this paper as Sparling and Schipper, 2002
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- Authors
- Sparling, G. P., & Schipper, L. A.
- Affiliations
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research (NZ)
- Landcare Research Private Bag 3127 Hamilton New Zealand
- Corresponding author
- Sparling, G. P.
- ORCID
- Schipper, L. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Quality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-11
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1848-1857
- ISSN
- 0047-2425 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2537
- OpenAlex
- W1992909850
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 11.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Quality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- New Zealand Ministry for the Environment Sustainable Management Fund (5089)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Management and Crop Yield
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Science and Environmental Management
- Keywords
- soil quality, soil properties, soil orders, land use, soil carbon, soil nitrogen, mineralizable nitrogen, soil pH, Olsen phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, macroporosity, soil compaction, pasture soils, agricultural soils, soil fertility, environmental disclosure, sustainable land use, New Zealand
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Environment, Environmental Monitoring, New Zealand, Policy Making, Quality Control, Reference Values, Soil Pollutants, Trees
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