Psychological State of College Students During COVID-19 Epidemic
Open accessAbstract
Background: This study conducted in mainland China was aimed to explore the cognition, psychological state, anxiety and depression level of college students during coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) epidemic, so as to understand the psychological dynamics of college students under stress. Methods: The data of 509 college students were collected by Internet questionnaire. And the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale were used to assess anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively. Findings: During the COVID-19 epidemic, the majority of college student strongly agreed to reduce outgoing and gathering, accounting for 77.21%. There were statistical differences between different genders of college students in the unease and panic emotion of risk exposure. Moreover, the anxiety and depression levels of college students in China during COVID-19 epidemic were higher than the national norm level. Besides, logistic regression analysis showed that the panic of epidemic situation (OR = 1.562, CI: 1.019 - 2.396) was the risk factor of anxiety. The number of patients in the area was less than 5000 (OR = 0.165, CI: 0.062-0.439), and the official channels were the main means to obtain information about the COVID-19 epidemic (OR = 0.221, CI: 0.073-0.665), which were the protective factor of anxiety. The unease of risk exposure (OR= 2.298, CI: 1.144-4.618) was a risk factor of depression. And the official channels as the main means to obtain information about the COVID-19 epidemic (OR = 0.412, CI: 0.169 - 1.003) may be the protective factor of depression. Interpretation: During the epidemic of COVID-19, the anxiety and depression level of college students increased significantly, which was also related to multiple factors. Therefore, it is particularly important to carry out necessary psychological intervention on college students. Funding Statement: National Science and Technology Major Project (Number:2018ZX10721102-005). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: This study followed the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chongqing Medical University.
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With the exception of a few studies, notably from China, there is sparse evidence of the psychological or mental health effects of the current pandemic on college students.
“with the exception of a few studies, notably from China [10-12], there is sparse evidence of the psychological or mental health effects of the current pandemic on college students”
From Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
The findings may suggest an uptick in pandemic-related depressive symptoms among college students similar to recent studies in China.
“which may suggest an uptick in pandemic-related depressive symptoms among college students similar to recent studies in China [10,11].”
From Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
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Ndukwu, E., Ndukwu, E. C., & Igbo, J. N. (2021) · Journal of Depression and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.36959/362/478 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In the same way, the study conducted by Xiaoyan, Jiaxiu and Xiaoni [9] found that during the of COVID-19, pandemic, the anxiety and depression level of college students increased significantly, which was also related to multiple factors and it was therefore important to carry out necessary psychological intervention o…”
ResultKarmokar, S., Islam, M. A., Muktadir, M. A., Hasan, R., Tareq, A. M., Amin, M. N., & Emran, T. B. (2021) · Makara Journal of Health Research · doi:10.7454/msk.v25i3.1303 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“3 problems due to immature psychological and emotional development.(11) Adverse psychological outcomes increase due to the pandemic itself and its easily available information and misinformation via social media.”
BackgroundNishat, M. M., Mahbub, M. A., Ahmed, A., & Mamun, M. A. A. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE) · doi:10.1109/icraie52900.2021.9703997 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Şahin, H., Çebi, K., Yıldırım, A., & Aşılar, R. H. (2023) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903231197656 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…with their parents with those who did live with their parents (Huang et al., 2020; Sankhi & Marasine, 2020; Zhou et al., 2020) and found that those who had a relative infected with COVID-19 had higher anxiety levels than those who did not (Cao et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
Syifa, N., Purborini, N., Rachmawati, H., Sumadi, F. A. N., & Muhammad, I. (2023) · Journal of Public Health and Development · doi:10.55131/jphd/2023/2103115 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Psychosemantic research of students’ representations about distance education during COVID-19
Васильева, И. В., Deryagina, L. E., & Chumanov, Y. V. (2020) · Экология человека · doi:10.33396/1728-0869-2020-12-45-51 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Исследования ученых тех стран, которые раньше столкнулись с пандемией COVID-19, демонстрируют, что студенчество является уязвимой частью населения перед лицом не только биологических, но и психологических угроз, связанных с пандемией [11, 15].”
Vishwakarma, D. K. (2021) · Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development · doi:10.37506/ijphrd.v12i1.13831 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Furthermore, with the exception of high-burnout categories, depression levels among students, reported in several recent studies,[19,20,21] have varied between 29% and 38%, which may suggest an uptick in pandemic-related depressive symptoms among college students similar to recent studies in China.[22,23] Although our…”
ResultDymek, D., Didkivska, S. O., Grabowski, M., Paliwoda‐Pękosz, G., & Вакалюк, Т. А. (2023) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29570-6_7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Distance education and young learners of English during curfew period due to coronavirus pandemic
CANLI, Z., & Canlı, B. (2020) · International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research · doi:10.24289/ijsser.768947 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Abdel-Aziz, S. B., Emadeldin, M., Hanafy, S. H. A., & Amin, T. T. (2022) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.6930 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“[20] reported varied percent between 29 and 38%, which may suggest an uptick in pandemicrelated depressive symptoms among college students similar to recent studies in China [7], [21].”
Resultde Menezes, J. P. C. (2022) · Gondola/Góndola, enseñanza y aprendizaje de las ciencias · doi:10.14483/23464712.18590 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kotsalou, E., Sakellari, Ε., Lagiou, A., & Kotsalou, E. (2021) · Medical Science and Discovery · doi:10.36472/msd.v8i4.505 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Currently, only a few preliminary studies coming from China, detect a slight trend on psychological or mental health worsening of college students due to quarantine and reduction of physical activity and social isolation (38-41).”
BackgroundCollege student expression on Twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic
Hopkins, S. W., Stark, A. M., Zinoviev, D. Y., Tousignant, O. H., & Fireman, G. D. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2055434 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Concepción, U. C. D. L. S., Sáez-Delgado, F., Mella-Norambuena, J., María, U. T. F. S., Ron, V. L., del Norte, U. T., López-Angulo, Y., de Concepción, U., Sandoval-Henríquez, F. J., & Concepción, U. C. D. L. S. (2024) · Diálogos sobre educación · doi:10.32870/dse.v0i30.1428 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Luo, G., Wang, Y., Hong, L., He, X., Wang, J., Shen, Q., Wang, C., & Chen, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1448901 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Medical Students of Karachi, Pakistan
Ahmed, F. K., Sukhia, H. R., Ejaz, R., Khan, Q.-U.-A., Mushtaque, U., & Mushtaque, S. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.53350/pjmhs22162903 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Savchuk, B., Yehorova, I. V., Vintoniak, O. V., et al. (2023) · Wiadomości Lekarskie · doi:10.36740/wlek202306121 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Impact of Covid-19 on University Students’ Mental Health in Morocco
Oubaha, D., Amzaourou, O., Yassine, H., & Saga, M. (2021) · Journal of Psychology and Behavior Studies · doi:10.32996/jpbs.2021.1.1.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alwaely, S. A., Фаизовна, М. Р., Fedorova, E. Y., & Lazareva, Y. B. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2022.2156187 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“There is a growing belief that this state of affairs will increase the level of Internet addiction of the younger generation, and it will be more difficult for them to get offline (X. Liu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundYILMAZ, S. K., & Ayran, G. (2023) · The Journal of School and University Medicine · doi:10.51546/jsum.2023.10103 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kolisnyk, L., & Mehlsen, M. Y. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2543616 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…for teachers and administrative support, no meetings with friends, university colleagues, or relatives, no parties, no travelling, new assessment methods, different workloads, and performance levels, being trapped abroad (Elmer et al., 2020; Hamaideh et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2020; Pan, 2020).”
Sultana, A., Mirshad Rahman., T. M., Nair, D. P., Indhumathi, M., Keerthana, J., & Kannadasan, K. (2021) · Indian Journal Of Applied Research · doi:10.36106/ijar/5213320 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Depression Symptoms of College Students During COVID-10 and the Universities’ Response
Paulay, A. (2021) · Western CEDAR (Western Washington University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Uleanya, C., & Alex, J. K. (2022) · Journal of Culture and Values in Education · doi:10.46303/jcve.2022.15 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Architecture Students' Well-Being
Mari, T., Gunasagaran, S., Lim, W. S., Lee, S.-E., & Jamal, K. A. A. (2022) · Advances in media, entertainment and the arts (AMEA) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5119-9.ch016 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Aydin, M. O., Özkaya, G., Kafa, İ. M., Haque, S., & Alper, Z. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15043049 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Liu, X., Liu, J., & Zhong, X.
- Affiliations
- Chongqing Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhong, Xiaoni
- Venue
- SSRN Electronic Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020
- ISSN
- 1556-5068 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3013103967
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 20
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, university students, psychological state, anxiety, depression, risk exposure, panic, gender differences, psychological intervention
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