The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Calcium Supplementation: A Review of Calcium Intake on Human Health
Open accessAbstract
Calcium is an important integrative component of the human body and critical for human health. It has been well established that calcium intake is helpful in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, which has become one of the most serious public health problems across the world. However, community-dwelling adults with and without osteoporosis are rarely concerned or even not aware of the potential side effects of high or inappropriate doses of calcium intake. Some recent studies have revealed that excessive calcium intake might increase the risks of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this article was to review the health benefits, costs, and consequences of calcium supplementation on osteoporosis/osteoporotic fractures, cardiovascular events, kidney stones, gastrointestinal diseases, and other important diseases. In the end, we suggest that calcium supplementation should be prescribed and taken cautiously, accounting for individual patients' risks and benefits. Clearly, further studies are needed to examine the health effects of calcium supplementation to make any solid recommendations for people of different genders, ages, and ethnicities.
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Calcium deficiency is associated with neuromuscular irritability, presenting as tetany, paresthesia, and generalized muscle weakness.
“Calcium Deficiency: Calcium deficiency is associated with neuromuscular irritability, presenting as tetany, paresthesia, and generalized muscle weakness [39].”
From The Seven Methods for the Evaluation of Nutritional Status—ABCDEFG: Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [39]
The Introduction describes a review of calcium supplementation’s benefits and adverse effects, and the Osteoporosis section discusses low calcium intake in relation to bone health. Neither passage addresses neuromuscular irritability, tetany, paresthesia, or generalized muscle weakness; searches for those terms and hypocalcemia found no supporting passage in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Li, K., Wang, X.-F., Li, D.-Y., Chen, Y.-C., Zhao, L.-J., Liu, X.-G., Guo, Y.-F., Shen, J., Lin, X., Deng, J., Zhou, R., & Deng, H.-W.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (CN)
- Children's Mercy Hospital (US)
- Southern Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Deng, Jeffrey
- Venue
- Clinical Interventions in Aging
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- Volume 13
- Pages
- 2443-2452
- ISSN
- 1176-9092 (ISSN-L)
- 1178-1998
- PMC
- PMC6276611
- OpenAlex
- W2902969078
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 9.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Interventions in Aging (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Tulane University (P20 GM109036, R01AR059781)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (U19AG055373)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH104680)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM109036)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR059781, R01AR069055)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- calcium supplementation, calcium intake, osteoporosis, osteoporotic fractures, cardiovascular risk, kidney stones, gastrointestinal adverse effects, risk-benefit assessment, community-dwelling adults
- MeSH terms
- Calcium, Calcium, Dietary, Cardiovascular Diseases, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Kidney Calculi, Osteoporosis, Dietary Supplements, Osteoporotic Fractures
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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