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Cited by 374Bone health and osteoporosis researchVitamin D Research StudiesNutrition and Health Studies

Calcium supplementation in clinical practice: a review of forms, doses, and indications

Straub, Deborah A.·2007·Nutrition in Clinical Practice
DOI 10.1177/0115426507022003286
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Abstract

Most Americans do not meet the adequate intake (AI) for calcium; calcium supplements can help meet requirements. Calcium supplementation has been found to be beneficial for bone health in children, young adults, and menopausal women. In addition to calcium, vitamin D is necessary for bone health and is generally deficient in the industrialized world. Calcium from carbonate and citrate are the most common forms of calcium supplements. Calcium carbonate, the most cost-effective form, should be taken with a meal to ensure optimal absorption. Calcium citrate can be taken without food and is the supplement of choice for individuals with achlorhydria or who are taking histamine-2 blockers or protein-pump inhibitors. Calcium lactate and calcium gluconate are less concentrated forms of calcium and are not practical oral supplements. Research on hydroxyapatite as a source of calcium is limited, so this form of calcium is not recommended. The maximum dose of elemental calcium that should be taken at a time is 500 mg. U.S. Pharmacopeia-verified calcium supplements meet vigorous manufacturing and quality requirements. Absorption from calcium-fortified beverages varies and in general is not equal to that of milk. Potential adverse effects of calcium supplementation include gastrointestinal complaints. Renal calculi in most studies have not been associated with calcium supplementation. The risk of advanced and fatal prostate cancer has been associated with calcium intakes from food or supplements in amounts >1500 mg/d.

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  • Calcium plays a key role in bone formation and bone health; more than 99% of total body calcium is stored in bones and teeth, and the remaining calcium is involved in muscular, cardiovascular, endocrine, and nervous system function.

    “Calcium is a mineral that plays a key role in bone formation and, therefore, bone health. More than 99% of total body calcium is stored in bones and teeth. The remaining calcium is stored in muscle, the bloodstream, and in extracellular fluid where it is involved in the functioning of the muscular, cardiovascular, endocrine, and nervous system [266].”

    From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [266]

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Authors
Straub, D. A.
Affiliations
University of Arizona (US)
Corresponding author
Straub, Deborah A.
Venue
Nutrition in Clinical Practice
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2007-06
Volume
22
Issue
3
Pages
286-296
ISSN
  • 0884-5336 (ISSN-L)
  • 1941-2452
DOI
10.1177/0115426507022003286
OpenAlex
W2153721027
Cited by
374
References
40
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 23
FWCI
1.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Nutrition in Clinical Practice (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
Keywords
calcium supplementation, calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium lactate, calcium gluconate, hydroxyapatite, vitamin D, bone health, menopausal women, adequate intake, calcium absorption, dosage, adverse effects, kidney stones, prostate cancer risk
MeSH terms
Age Factors, Biological Availability, Calcium, Calcium, Dietary, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Food, Fortified, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Nutritional Requirements, Osteoporosis, Sex Factors, Nutrition Policy, Dietary Supplements, Bone Density Conservation Agents

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