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Cited by 41Endometriosis Research and TreatmentGynecological conditions and treatmentsDiagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis

Primary umbilical endometrioma: a rare case of spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis

Open access
Efremidou, Eleni, Kouklakis, Georgios, Mitrakas, Alexandros, Liratzopoulos, Polychronidis·2012·International Journal of General Medicine
DOI 10.2147/ijgm.s37302PMC PMC3526876
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Abstract

Umbilical endometrioma is a rare condition, with an estimated incidence of 0.5%-1% in all patients with endometrial ectopia. Spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis is an even rarer and more unusual condition with unclear pathogenetic mechanisms. A 44-year-old parous woman presented with an umbilical skin lesion, and no history of bleeding from the umbilical mass or swelling in the umbilical area. The initial clinical diagnosis was granuloma, and excision was planned. Pathology examination revealed endometrial glands with mucinous-type metaplasia surrounded by a disintegrating mantle of endometrial stroma. Clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging did not reveal pelvic endometriosis lesions, and given that the umbilical endometrioma was totally excised, no further treatment with hormonal therapy was proposed for the patient. Three years after excision, she was free of disease and no recurrence has been observed. Complete excision and histology is highly recommended for obtaining a definitive diagnosis and optimal treatment in spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This case report describes a 44-year-old parous woman with a primary (spontaneous) umbilical endometrioma presenting as a painful umbilical nodule, initially misdiagnosed as a granuloma, which was treated by complete surgical excision. She remained disease-free with no recurrence three years after excision.

Key findings

  • A 44-year-old parous woman (two spontaneous vaginal deliveries, no prior abdominal surgery) presented with a skin-colored, mobile umbilical nodule measuring approximately 0.6 × 0.6 cm, with pain one week before and throughout each menses over the previous year; the mass had first appeared 5–6 years earlier and enlarged over the prior year.
  • Initial clinical diagnosis was granuloma; pathology after excision revealed a 2.0 × 2.0 × 3.0 cm area of endometriosis with negative margins, endometrial glands with mucinous-type metaplasia in fibrous eosinophilic stroma, and small diffuse foci of stromal lymphovascular tissue with mild inflammation and plasma cells suggesting endometritis.
  • Clinical examination and MRI revealed no pelvic endometriosis lesions, so no hormonal therapy was proposed after total excision; the patient was asymptomatic at 4 weeks and free of disease with no recurrence at three years.
  • The paper cites background figures: umbilical endometrioma incidence 0.5%–1% of all endometrial ectopia; spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis represents only 20% of all abdominal wall endometriosis cases (per Horton et al's review of 445 patients, where only 48% were associated with surgical scars); preoperative diagnosis rate in published series varies between 20% and 50%.

Methods

  • Single case report with a literature-based discussion; no cohort or comparative design.
  • Data: clinical history and examination, surgical excision with margins (excision area 2 × 2 cm), histopathology, MRI of the pelvis, and follow-up at 4 weeks and 3 years.
  • Main analysis is descriptive clinicopathologic correlation and narrative review of proposed pathogenetic theories (embryonic rest, coelomic metaplasia/induction, implantation/retrograde menstruation, direct transplantation, dissemination via vascular/lymphatic spread, cellular immunity).

Limitations

  • The paper states no large prospective or retrospective studies have investigated spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis, and that to the authors' knowledge there is no systematic literature review of published cohorts or case reports of primary umbilical endometrioma.
  • The paper notes the actual pathogenetic mechanism remains unclear and that none of the proposed theories should be excluded until convincing experimental data are obtained.
  • Evident from the text: all epidemiologic figures cited are drawn from prior literature rather than this single case, so no incidence or outcome estimates can be inferred from the report itself.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2147/ijgm.s37302

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 50 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Surgical pathology revealed a 2.0 × 2.0 × 3.0 cm area of endometriosis with negative margins at the umbilicus.

    “Surgical pathology revealed a 2.0 × 2.0 × 3.0 cm area of endometriosis with negative margins at the umbilicus.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Clinical examination revealed a skin-colored, mobile umbilical nodule measuring approximately 0.6 × 0.6 cm.

    “Clinical examination revealed a skin-colored, mobile umbilical nodule measuring approximately 0.6 × 0.6 cm.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    A 44-year-old parous woman presented with an umbilical skin lesion accompanied by pain one week before her menses every month during the previous year.

    “A 44-year-old parous woman presented to the outpatient clinic of our department with an umbilical skin lesion accompanied by pain one week before her menses every month during the previous year.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Clinical and MRI examinations did not reveal pelvic endometriosis lesions.

    “However, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations did not reveal pelvic endometriosis lesions, and given that the umbilical endometrioma was totally excised, no further treatment with hormonal therapy was proposed for the patient.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The patient had no history of abdominal surgery.

    “Her medical history was not significant, with no history of abdominal surgery.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20
  • May combine two claims. 15

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    During the operation, the mass was found approximately 10 mm below the skin surface and was excised with a healthy margin (excision area 2 × 2 cm).

    “During the operation, the mass was found approximately 10 mm below the skin surface and was excised with a healthy margin (excision area 2 × 2 cm, Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Three years after excision, the patient remains free of disease and no recurrence has been observed.

    “Three years after excision, the patient remains free of disease and no recurrence has been observed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The umbilical mass had first appeared 5-6 years previously and had enlarged during the previous year.

    “She also reported that this umbilical mass had first appeared 5–6 years previously and had enlarged during the previous year.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The patient had no history of bleeding from the umbilical mass or swelling in the umbilical area.

    “She had no history of bleeding from the umbilical mass or swelling in the umbilical area, abdominal pain, dyspareunia, or infertility.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The initial clinical diagnosis was granuloma.

    “The initial clinical diagnosis was granuloma.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Small diffuse foci of stromal lymphovascular tissue consistent with mild inflammation and plasma cells were present, suggesting endometritis.

    “Additionally, small diffuse foci of stromal lymphovascular tissue consistent with mild inflammation and plasma cells were present, suggesting endometritis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    No epithelial atypia was seen and the excision appeared complete.

    “No epithelial atypia was seen and the excision appeared complete.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The incidence of spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis in the literature reportedly lies in the range of 0%-38%.

    “However, the incidence of spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis in the literature reportedly lies in the range of 0%–38%.1,6”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Papavramidis ThS Sapalidis K Michalopoulos N Spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis: a case report Acta Chir Belg 2009 109 778 781 20184068

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Kyamidis K Lora V Kanitakis J Spontaneous cutaneous umbilical endometriosis: report of a new case with immunohistochemical study and literature review Dermatol Online J 2011 17 7 5 21810390

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In abdominal wall endometriosis, the chief symptom is usually a mass at the site of maximum tenderness, which varies in size following the menstrual cycle, while the typical characteristic is cyclic pain associated with menses.

    “In abdominal wall endometriosis, the chief symptom is usually a mass at the site of maximum tenderness, which varies in size following the menstrual cycle, while the typical characteristic is cyclic pain associated with menses.1,3”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Papavramidis ThS Sapalidis K Michalopoulos N Spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis: a case report Acta Chir Belg 2009 109 778 781 20184068

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] Chatzikokkinou P Thorfinn J Angelidis IK Papa G Trevisan G Spontaneous endometriosis in an umbilical skin lesion Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 2009 18 126 130 19784526

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The actual mechanism of endometriosis remains unclear.

    “The actual mechanism remains unclear, but none of the suggested theories should be excluded until convincing experimental data are obtained.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The most common locations of spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis appear to be the umbilicus and groin.

    “The most common locations of spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis appear to be the umbilicus and groin.1,2”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Papavramidis ThS Sapalidis K Michalopoulos N Spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis: a case report Acta Chir Belg 2009 109 778 781 20184068

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Pavalli VB Mamdouh MG Menstruating from the umbilicus as a rare case of primarily umbilical endometriosis: a case report J Med Case Rep 2009 3 9326 20062755 PMC2803849

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In cases of spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis, the implantation theory, the direct transplantation theory, and the induction theory seem incapable of explaining the pathogenesis, while the dissemination theory through lymphatic or vascular spread can explain the occurrence of endometriosis at distant locations.

    “Furthermore, in cases of spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis (as in the case report presented herein), the implantation theory, the direct transplantation theory, and the induction theory seem incapable of explaining the pathogenesis, while the dissemination theory through lymphatic or vascular spread can explain the occurrence of endometriosis at distant locations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Umbilical endometriosis accounts for up to 30%-40% of all cutaneous endometriosis cases.

    “Umbilical endometriosis is a rare condition accounting for up to 30%–40% of all cutaneous endometriosis cases, having an estimated incidence of 0.5%–1% in all cases of endometrial ectopia.3,6,7”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [3] Chatzikokkinou P Thorfinn J Angelidis IK Papa G Trevisan G Spontaneous endometriosis in an umbilical skin lesion Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 2009 18 126 130 19784526

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Kyamidis K Lora V Kanitakis J Spontaneous cutaneous umbilical endometriosis: report of a new case with immunohistochemical study and literature review Dermatol Online J 2011 17 7 5 21810390

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Kuladeepa AV Prashanth A Lakshman IK Villar’s nodule: a rare case report Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2012 6 5 881 883

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Primary umbilical endometriosis is an even rarer condition than umbilical endometrioma, with an estimated overall incidence of less than 0.5%-1% among all endometriosis cases.

    “Primary umbilical endometriosis is an even rarer and more unusual condition with unclear pathogenetic mechanisms.1–4”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
      “A primary umbilical endometriotic lesion without any surgical history is an even rarer condition, with an estimated overall incidence of less than 0.5%–1% among all endometriosis cases.7”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Kuladeepa AV Prashanth A Lakshman IK Villar’s nodule: a rare case report Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2012 6 5 881 883

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Umbilical endometrioma is a rare condition with an estimated incidence of 0.5%-1% in all patients with endometrial ectopia.

    “Umbilical endometrioma is a rare condition, with an estimated incidence of 0.5%–1% in all patients with endometrial ectopia.”
    • Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
      “An umbilical endometrioma is a rare condition, with an estimated incidence of 0.5%–1% in all patients with endometrial ectopia.2”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
      “Umbilical endometriosis is a rare condition accounting for up to 30%–40% of all cutaneous endometriosis cases, having an estimated incidence of 0.5%–1% in all cases of endometrial ectopia.3,6,7”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [2] Pavalli VB Mamdouh MG Menstruating from the umbilicus as a rare case of primarily umbilical endometriosis: a case report J Med Case Rep 2009 3 9326 20062755 PMC2803849

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] Chatzikokkinou P Thorfinn J Angelidis IK Papa G Trevisan G Spontaneous endometriosis in an umbilical skin lesion Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 2009 18 126 130 19784526

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Kyamidis K Lora V Kanitakis J Spontaneous cutaneous umbilical endometriosis: report of a new case with immunohistochemical study and literature review Dermatol Online J 2011 17 7 5 21810390

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Kuladeepa AV Prashanth A Lakshman IK Villar’s nodule: a rare case report Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2012 6 5 881 883

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Patients with umbilical endometriosis are usually of reproductive age and often present with an umbilical mass associated with swelling, pain, discharge, or cyclical bleeding.

    “Patients suffering from this condition are usually of reproductive age and often present with an umbilical mass associated with swelling, pain, discharge, or cyclical bleeding.2”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Pavalli VB Mamdouh MG Menstruating from the umbilicus as a rare case of primarily umbilical endometriosis: a case report J Med Case Rep 2009 3 9326 20062755 PMC2803849

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fine-needle aspiration is generally inconclusive for abdominal wall endometriosis, although it may be of some value in cases of scar endometriomas.

    “Fine-needle aspiration is generally inconclusive, although it may be of some value in cases of scar endometriomas.1,4”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Papavramidis ThS Sapalidis K Michalopoulos N Spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis: a case report Acta Chir Belg 2009 109 778 781 20184068

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] Bektas H Bilsel Y Sari YS Abdominal wall endometrioma: a 10-year experience and brief review of the literature J Surg Res 2010 164 77 81 20855082

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Surgical resection of an umbilical endometrioma with safety and clear margins is the treatment of choice and offers the highest probability of both a definitive diagnosis and a favorable outcome.

    “Therefore, surgical resection of an umbilical endometrioma with safety and clear margins is the treatment of choice, and offers the highest probability of both a definitive diagnosis and a favorable outcome.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The umbilical nodule in umbilical endometriosis has been described as flesh-colored, brownish, dark-bluish, or simply a subcutaneous mass, with a size that typically varies from 0.5 cm to several centimeters, but can be enormous.

    “The umbilical nodule has been described as being flesh-colored, brownish, dark-bluish, or simply a subcutaneous mass, with a size that typically varies from 0.5 cm to several centimeters, but can be enormous.1,3,4”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] Papavramidis ThS Sapalidis K Michalopoulos N Spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis: a case report Acta Chir Belg 2009 109 778 781 20184068

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] Chatzikokkinou P Thorfinn J Angelidis IK Papa G Trevisan G Spontaneous endometriosis in an umbilical skin lesion Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 2009 18 126 130 19784526

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] Bektas H Bilsel Y Sari YS Abdominal wall endometrioma: a 10-year experience and brief review of the literature J Surg Res 2010 164 77 81 20855082

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Dermoscopy can be helpful in cases of cutaneous or subcutaneous endometriosis.

    “According to Catalina-Fernandez et al, dermoscopy can be helpful in cases of cutaneous or subcutaneous endometriosis, with cytologic smears revealing high cellularity with hemosiderin-laden macrophages and sheets of stromal and epithelial cells on a hemorrhagic background.3”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Chatzikokkinou P Thorfinn J Angelidis IK Papa G Trevisan G Spontaneous endometriosis in an umbilical skin lesion Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 2009 18 126 130 19784526

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Malignant transformation of abdominal wall endometriosis is a very rare complication, occurring in 1% of cases.

    “Malignant transformation of abdominal wall endometriosis is a very rare complication (in 1% of cases).4”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Bektas H Bilsel Y Sari YS Abdominal wall endometrioma: a 10-year experience and brief review of the literature J Surg Res 2010 164 77 81 20855082

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ultrasound is useful for determining whether an abdominal wall mass is cystic or solid, but it is not specific for abdominal wall endometriosis.

    “Ultrasound is useful for determining whether the mass is cystic or solid, but it is not specific for abdominal wall endometriosis.1,2”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Papavramidis ThS Sapalidis K Michalopoulos N Spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis: a case report Acta Chir Belg 2009 109 778 781 20184068

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Pavalli VB Mamdouh MG Menstruating from the umbilicus as a rare case of primarily umbilical endometriosis: a case report J Med Case Rep 2009 3 9326 20062755 PMC2803849

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hormonal therapy for abdominal wall endometriosis has a reported low success rate and offers only temporary alleviation of symptoms.

    “Medical management cannot be enthusiastically recommended, due to its reported success rate being low, with it offering only temporary alleviation of the symptoms, and serious adverse effects often being followed by recurrence after cessation of drug intake.1,4”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Papavramidis ThS Sapalidis K Michalopoulos N Spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis: a case report Acta Chir Belg 2009 109 778 781 20184068

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] Bektas H Bilsel Y Sari YS Abdominal wall endometrioma: a 10-year experience and brief review of the literature J Surg Res 2010 164 77 81 20855082

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Wide excision with a margin of at least 1 cm is considered the treatment of choice for abdominal wall endometriosis, even for recurrent lesions.

    “Therefore, wide excision with a margin of at least 1 cm is considered the treatment of choice, even for recurrent lesions.1,3,4”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] Papavramidis ThS Sapalidis K Michalopoulos N Spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis: a case report Acta Chir Belg 2009 109 778 781 20184068

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] Chatzikokkinou P Thorfinn J Angelidis IK Papa G Trevisan G Spontaneous endometriosis in an umbilical skin lesion Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 2009 18 126 130 19784526

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] Bektas H Bilsel Y Sari YS Abdominal wall endometrioma: a 10-year experience and brief review of the literature J Surg Res 2010 164 77 81 20855082

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The incidence of pelvic disease in abdominal wall endometriosis is within the same range as the general population (8%-15%).

    “There may be associated symptoms of coexistent pelvic endometriosis, although the incidence of pelvic disease in abdominal wall endometriosis is within the same range as the general population (8%–15%).2,5”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [2] Pavalli VB Mamdouh MG Menstruating from the umbilicus as a rare case of primarily umbilical endometriosis: a case report J Med Case Rep 2009 3 9326 20062755 PMC2803849

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [5] Horton JD DeZee KJ Ahnfeldt EP Wagner M Abdominal wall endometriosis: a surgeon’s perspective and review of 445 cases Am J Surg 2008 196 207 212 18513698

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The preferred treatment in all cases of abdominal wall endometriosis is wide local excision of the mass.

    “The preferred treatment in all cases of abdominal wall endometriosis is wide local excision of the mass, while some investigators propose the addition of hormonal therapy whenever severe pelvic disease is assumed or demonstrably present.1–4”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [1] Papavramidis ThS Sapalidis K Michalopoulos N Spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis: a case report Acta Chir Belg 2009 109 778 781 20184068

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Pavalli VB Mamdouh MG Menstruating from the umbilicus as a rare case of primarily umbilical endometriosis: a case report J Med Case Rep 2009 3 9326 20062755 PMC2803849

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] Chatzikokkinou P Thorfinn J Angelidis IK Papa G Trevisan G Spontaneous endometriosis in an umbilical skin lesion Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 2009 18 126 130 19784526

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] Bektas H Bilsel Y Sari YS Abdominal wall endometrioma: a 10-year experience and brief review of the literature J Surg Res 2010 164 77 81 20855082

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    MRI has an advantage over laparoscopy in its ability to evaluate pelvic and extraperitoneal disease.

    “MRI also has the advantage over laparoscopy in its ability to evaluate pelvic and extraperitoneal disease.1,2”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Papavramidis ThS Sapalidis K Michalopoulos N Spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis: a case report Acta Chir Belg 2009 109 778 781 20184068

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Pavalli VB Mamdouh MG Menstruating from the umbilicus as a rare case of primarily umbilical endometriosis: a case report J Med Case Rep 2009 3 9326 20062755 PMC2803849

      Not checked in the free run.

27 of 27

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No large prospective or retrospective studies have investigated spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis.

    “No large prospective or retrospective studies have investigated spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is no systematic literature review on published cohorts of patients or case reports having primary umbilical endometrioma.

    “To our knowledge, there is not any systematic literature review on published cohorts of patients or case reports having primary umbilical endometrioma.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Many cases of AWE are misdiagnosed as hernia, and one case was misdiagnosed as umbilical granuloma.

    “It has been reported that many cases are misdiagnosed as hernia[5,12], and one case was misdiagnosed as umbilical granuloma[13].”

    From Laparoscopic umbilical trocar port site endometriosis: A case report (2020) · cites this paper as [13]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Case described as lacking a triad it exhibits

    Minor

    The discussion says this case lacked the triad of mass, pain, and cyclic symptoms. The case report describes an umbilical mass with pain recurring before each menstrual period and continuing through it.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [7]Kuladeepa AV Prashanth A Lakshman IK Villar’s nodule: a rare case report Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2012 6 5 881 883

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Efremidou, E., Kouklakis, G., Mitrakas, A., Liratzopoulos, & Polychronidis
Affiliations
Democritus University of Thrace (GR)
Corresponding author
Efremidou, Eleni
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of General Medicine
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2012-12
Volume
5
Pages
999
ISSN
1178-7074 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2147/ijgm.s37302
PMC
PMC3526876
OpenAlex
W2047663393
Semantic Scholar
9f787c02eb72c0425aa9042a8d0dcada0d495808
Cited by
41
References
7
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2
FWCI
3.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of General Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gynecological conditions and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis
Keywords
abdominal wall endometriosis, spontaneous endometriosis, surgical excision, mucinous metaplasia, endometrial stroma

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