Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Four Psilocybin-Containing Magic Mushroom Water Extracts in vitro on 15-Lipoxygenase Activity and on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 and Inflammatory Cytokines in Human U937 Macrophage Cells
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: During a pathological inflammation, macrophages are activated to produce accumulation of inflammatory mediators such as induced-cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pathological inflammation is a significant problem in many chronic diseases. As a result, more research into natural remedies with anti-inflammatory potential is crucial. Since ancient times, psilocybin-containing mushrooms, also known as magic mushrooms, were used for mind healing and also to advance the quality of life. However, not much is known about their anti-inflammatory potential. This study aimed at investigating the anti-inflammatory effects of four psilocybin-containing mushrooms ( Panaeolus cyanescens, Psilocybe natalensis, Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe cubensis leucistic A+ strain ) from genus Panaeolus and Psilocybe for the first time in vitro on 15-LOX activity and also on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in human U937 macrophage cells. Methods: Mushrooms were grown and extracted with boiling hot water. Effects of the four water extracts on 15-LOX activity were determined. Confluent human U937 cells were differentiated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and treated with the hot-water extracts (25 and 50 μg/mL) 2 hours before being stimulated with 1 μg/mL LPS over 24 hours. Quercetin was used as a positive control. Control cells were differentiated but not LPS-induced nor treated. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 concentrations were measured. Levels of COX-2 and mitochondrial activity were also determined. Results: The four water extracts had poor 15-LOX inhibition activity with IC 50 > 250 μg/mL. Extracts were safe at the concentration studied and inhibited the LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators, TNF-α and IL-1β significantly and lowered IL-6 and COX-2 concentrations in treated human U937 macrophage cells. Water extracts also increased percentage viability of treated cells and levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10 non-significantly. Conclusion: The study suggested that the hot-water extracts of the four psilocybin-containing magic mushrooms have potential anti-inflammatory effects executed by down-regulating pro-inflammatory mediators. Keywords: Panaeolus cyanescens , Psilocybe natalensis , Psilocybe cubensis , Psilocybe cubensis A+ strain , pro-inflammatory cytokine, COX-2, 15-LOX
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- Authors
- Nkadimeng, S. M., Steinmann, C. M., & Eloff, J. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Pretoria (ZA)
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Nkadimeng, Sanah Malomile
- Venue
- Journal of Inflammation Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-08
- Volume
- Volume 14
- Pages
- 3729-3738
- ISSN
- 1178-7031 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8352634
- OpenAlex
- W3191550608
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 7.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Inflammation Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Fungal Biology and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
- Keywords
- magic mushrooms, anti-inflammatory activity, 15-lipoxygenase inhibition, cyclooxygenase-2, lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, macrophages, U937 cells, inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, interleukin-6, IL-10, Psilocybe cubensis
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