Nocebo hyperalgesia: contributions of social observation and body-related cognitive styles
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: Recently, it has been shown that nocebo hyperalgesia can be acquired through observational learning. The aim of this study was to investigate socially induced nocebo hyperalgesia and its relationship with pain catastrophizing, somatic complaints, hypochondriacal concerns, and empathy. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Ninety-seven women (43.1±15.5 years) were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Participants in the nocebo condition (NC) watched a video in which a female model displayed more pain when an ointment was applied and less pain when no ointment was applied. In the control condition (CC), the model demonstrated low pain with and without the ointment. Subsequently, all participants received three pressure pain stimuli (60 seconds) on each hand. On one hand, the ointment was applied prior to the stimulation. The order of the stimulation of the fingers (middle, index, or ring finger), the side of ointment application (left or right hand), and the side with which the stimulation began were randomized within each group and balanced across the groups. Depending on the randomization, the pressure pain application started with or without ointment and on the left or right hand. Pain ratings on a numerical rating scale (0-10) were collected. In addition, the participants completed questionnaires regarding body-related cognitive styles and empathy. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the pain ratings between the CC and the NC. The effect of ointment application was also significant, but no interaction between condition and ointment application was found. Only in the CC did the nocebo response correlate with hypochondriacal concerns and somatic complaints. CONCLUSION: Application of an ointment as well as the observation of a model demonstrating more pain after a treatment produced elevated pain ratings. Cognitive styles were not related to the socially induced nocebo response, but were related to the nocebo response in the CC.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The basic psychological mechanisms underlying the formation of negative expectations and nocebo effects are anticipation of and information about negative outcomes, prior lack of therapeutic effectiveness, and observation of other patients' pain worsening.
“The basic psychological mechanisms underlying the formation of negative expectations and thus, nocebo effects, are anticipation of and information about negative outcomes,34,76 prior lack of therapeutic effectiveness,33,34 and observation of other patients' pain worsening.42,60,74,77,78”
From Nocebo and pain: an overview of the psychoneurobiological mechanisms (2017) · cites this paper as [74]
Hyperalgesic effects were more potent after observing the male model receiving the painful stimulations, regardless of the sex of the participants.
“A sex effect was also apparent, as the hyperalgesic effects were more potent after observing the male model receiving the painful stimulations, regardless of the sex of the participants.”
From Nocebo and pain: an overview of the psychoneurobiological mechanisms (2017) · cites this paper as [74]
Psychological assessments revealed that empathetic traits were a predictor of the level of nocebo hyperalgesia.
“Moreover, psychological assessments revealed that empathetic traits were a predictor of the level of nocebo hyperalgesia.74”
From Nocebo and pain: an overview of the psychoneurobiological mechanisms (2017) · cites this paper as [74]
Another study documented that nocebo hyperalgesia was found in a group who observed a male or female model receive less painful stimulations with the appearance of a green-light, and higher pain intensities with appearance of a red-light, for a period of about 5 minutes prior to receiving the stimuli themselves.
“Another study documented that nocebo hyperalgesia was found in a group who observed a male or female model receive less painful stimulations with the appearance of a green-light, and higher pain intensities with appearance of a red-light, for a period of about 5 minutes prior to receiving the stimuli themselves.”
From Nocebo and pain: an overview of the psychoneurobiological mechanisms (2017) · cites this paper as [74]
Participants who observed the model rated the red-stimuli as more painful when compared to the control groups who did not engage in the social observation period.
“Results showed that participants who observed the model rated the red-stimuli as more painful when compared to the control groups who did not engage in the social observation period.”
From Nocebo and pain: an overview of the psychoneurobiological mechanisms (2017) · cites this paper as [74]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193146 · Cited by 65,971 · see citing works
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139 · see citing works
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771 · see citing works
The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation.
Sullivan, M. J. L., Bishop, S. R., & Pivik, J. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.7.4.524 · Cited by 8,227 · see citing works
(1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,712 · see citing works
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (2013) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t03589-000 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Racine, M., Tousignant-Laflamme, Y., Kloda, L. A., Dion, D., Dupuis, G., & Choinière, M. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.025 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
When words are painful: unraveling the mechanisms of the nocebo effect
Benedetti, F., Lanotte, M., Lopiano, L., & Colloca, L. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.020 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Psychological Mechanisms of Medically Unexplained Symptoms: An Integrative Conceptual Model.
Brown, R. J. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.5.793 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Placebo and the New Physiology of the Doctor-Patient Relationship
Benedetti, F. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00043.2012 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Racine, M., Tousignant-Laflamme, Y., Kloda, L. A., Dion, D., Dupuis, G., & Choinière, M. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.026 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Explaining medically unexplained symptoms-models and mechanisms
Rief, W., & Broadbent, E. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.005 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
The role of learning in nocebo and placebo effects
Colloca, L., Sigaudo, M., & Benedetti, F. (2008) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.02.006 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Nocebo hyperalgesia: how anxiety is turned into pain
Colloca, L., & Benedetti, F. (2007) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0b013e3282b972fb · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Meyer, K., Sprott, H., & Mannion, A. F. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.12.004 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
The effects of experimenter characteristics on pain reports in women and men
Kállai, I., Barke, A., & Voss, U. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.08.008 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationInterpersonal Reactivity Index
Davis, M. H. (1980) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t01093-000 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Induction of nocebo and placebo effects on itch and pain by verbal suggestions
van Laarhoven, A. I. M., Vogelaar, M. L., Wilder‐Smith, O. H. G., van Riel, P. L. C. M., van de Kerkhof, P. C. M., Kraaimaat, F. W., & Evers, A. W. M. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.043 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Nocebo hyperalgesia induced by social observational learning
Vögtle, E., Barke, A., & Kröner‐Herwig, B. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.04.041 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive and behavioral responses to illness information: the role of health anxiety.
Hadjistavropoulos, H., Craig, K., & Hadjistavropoulos, T. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00014-x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Further evidence for individual differences in placebo responding: An interactionist perspective
Geers, A. L., Kosbab, K., Helfer, S. G., Weiland, P. E., & Wellman, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.12.005 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Watt, M. C., & Stewart, S. H. (2000) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00097-0 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The effect of the sex of a model on nocebo hyperalgesia induced by social observational learning
Swider, K. J., & Bąbel, P. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.04.001 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Distorted symptom perception in patients with medically unexplained symptoms.
Bogaerts, K., Eylen, L. V., Wan, L., Bresseleers, J., Diest, I. V., Peuter, S. D., Stans, L., Decramer, M., & den Bergh, O. V. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017780 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Hunter, T., Siess, F., & Colloca, L. (2013) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00436.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Illness by suggestion: Expectancy, modeling, and gender in the production of psychosomatic symptoms
Lorber, W., Mazzoni, G. A. L., & Kirsch, I. (2007) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3301_13 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Does personality play a relevant role in the placebo effect?
Jakšić, N., Aukst‐Margetić, B., & Jakovljević, M. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The role of prior pain experience and expectancy in psychologically and physically induced pain
Bayer, T. L., Coverdale, J., Chiang, E., & Bangs, M. E. (1998) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(97)00196-6 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The role of learning in nocebo and placebo effects
Colloca, L., Sigaudo, M., & Benedetti, F. (2008) · Acute Pain · doi:10.1016/j.acpain.2008.05.028 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Walach, H., Schmidt, S., Bihr, Y.-M., & Wiesch, S. (2001) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027//1016-9040.6.1.15 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Crombez, G., & Wiech, K. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.02.028 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ethics and regulatory aspects in medical research
Slavicek, G., & Forsdahl, G. (2009) · international journal of stomatology & occlusion medicine · doi:10.1007/s12548-009-0007-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The effects of experimenter characteristics on pain reports in women and men
Nizard, J. (2005) · Douleurs Évaluation - Diagnostic - Traitement · doi:10.1016/s1624-5687(05)80246-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 34 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Colloca, L., & BARSKY, A. J. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1907805 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Nocebo and pain: an overview of the psychoneurobiological mechanisms
Blasini, M., Corsi, N., Klinger, R., & Colloca, L. (2017) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000585 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“The basic psychological mechanisms underlying the formation of negative expectations and thus, nocebo effects, are anticipation of and information about negative outcomes,(34,76) prior lack of therapeutic effectiveness,(33,34) and observation of other patients’ pain worsening.(42,60,74,77,78) A recent systematic revie…”
BackgroundColloca, L. (2023) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022723-112425 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Hansen, E., & Zech, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00077 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“” In addition to comments from health care providers, expectations can also be influenced by fellow patients (observational learning) (Vögtle et al., 2016), media (Faasse et al.”
BackgroundHow Does Observational Learning Produce Placebo Effects? A Model Integrating Research Findings
Bajcar, E. A., & Bąbel, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02041 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“…other people may contribute to the formation of expectancies of analgesia or hyperalgesia that may change the chemistry and circuitry of the brain and thereby modulate an individual’s response to pain (Benedetti et al., 2011; Colloca and Miller, 2011; Colloca et al., 2013; Wager and Atlas, 2015).”
BackgroundRooney, T., Sharpe, L., Todd, J., Richmond, B., & Colagiuri, B. (2022) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2022.2125894 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The mean age across all studies was 23.6 years, with the mean age between 19 and 30 for all studies except for one (43.1 years; Vogtle et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialMeeuwis, S. H., Wasylewski, M. T., Bajcar, E. A., Bieniek, H., Adamczyk, W. M., Honcharova, S., Nardo, M. D., Mazzoni, G. A. L., & Bąbel, P. (2023) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002943 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Nocebo effects in health psychology
Faasse, K. (2019) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12392 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Rewarded placebo analgesia: A new mechanism of placebo effects based on operant conditioning
Adamczyk, W. M., Wiercioch‐Kuzianik, K., Bajcar, E. A., & Bąbel, P. (2019) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1360 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Colagiuri et al., 2015; Colloca & Benedetti, 2006; Colloca et al., 2010; Colloca, Sigaudo et al., 2008; Jensen et al., 2015; Reicherts et al., 2016) and observational learning (Colloca & Benedetti, 2009; Świder & Bąbel, 2013, 2016; Vögtle et al., 2013, 2016; for review see Bajcar & Bąbel, 2018).”
BackgroundThe Influence of Social Modeling, Gender, and Empathy on Treatment Side Effects
Faasse, K., Yeom, B. W., Parkes, B., Kearney, J., & Petrie, K. J. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kax025 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Nocebo hyperalgesia can be induced by classical conditioning without involvement of expectancy
Bajcar, E. A., Adamczyk, W. M., Wiercioch‐Kuzianik, K., & Bąbel, P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232108 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Second, all the study variables relied on self-reports; however, this is also the case in the other studies on the mechanisms of the nocebo effect [9,14,23,63,67,68].”
ResultBajcar, E. A., Wiercioch‐Kuzianik, K., Farley, D., Adamczyk, W. M., Buglewicz, E., & Bąbel, P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243996 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Moreover, both men and women were involved in this study, while in most of the previous studies on placebo effects induced by observational learning, only women participated [2, 4, 5, 7, 8].”
ResultInfluentialNocebo Hyperalgesia can be Induced by the Observation of a Model Showing Natural Pain Expressions
Vögtle, E., Kröner‐Herwig, B., & Barke, A. (2019) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000734 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationBrączyk, J., & Bąbel, P. (2021) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2021.06.001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Effect of Observing High or Low Pain on the Development of Central Sensitization
Torta, D. M. E., Meyers, E., Polleunis, K., Wolf, S. D., Meulders, A., & van den Broeke, E. N. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.09.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Saunders, C., Tan, W., Faasse, K., Colagiuri, B., Sharpe, L., & Barnes, K. (2024) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2024.2394682 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Further, four studies that only included female participant samples also only employed female social models (Blythe et al., 2021; Vögtle et al., 2013; 2016; 2019).”
Bajcar, E. A., Wiercioch‐Kuzianik, K., Brączyk, J., Farley, D., Bieniek, H., & Bąbel, P. (2021) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1855 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
It is not just the drugs that matter: the nocebo effect
Wojtukiewicz, M. Z., Polityńska, B., Skalij, P., Tokajuk, P., Wojtukiewicz, A. M., & Honn, K. V. (2019) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-019-09800-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The influence of video-based social modelling on the nocebo effect
Quinn, V. F., Pearson, S., Huynh, A., Nicholls, K., Barnes, K., & Faasse, K. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111136 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Peer-to-peer: The Social Transmission of Symptoms Online
Tan, W., Pickup, B., Faasse, K., Colagiuri, B., & Barnes, K. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaac081 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Blythe, J., Peerdeman, K. J., Veldhuijzen, D. S., van Schothorst, M. M. E., Thomaidou, M. A., van Laarhoven, A. I. M., & Evers, A. W. M. (2020) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-3723 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Previous studies that investigated observationally induced nocebo effects on pain used shorter videos (10, 12) without comparing the effect with classical conditioning.”
ResultEnhancing treatment effectiveness through social modelling: A pilot study
Faasse, K., Perera, A. I., Loveys, K., Grey, A. B., & Petrie, K. J. (2017) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2017.1293056 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Additionally, participants who observed a model display increased pain sensitivity in response to an ointment reported significantly greater levels of pressure pain themselves in the hand the ointment was applied to compared to their control hand (Vögtle, Barke, & Kröner-Herwig, 2013; Vögtle et al., 2016).”
BackgroundKlauß, H., Kunkel, A., Müßgens, D., Haaker, J., & Bingel, U. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1293975 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Rubanets, D., Badzińska, J., Kłosowska, J., Bąbel, P., & Bajcar, E. A. (2023) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2023.11.025 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Karacaoglu, M., Meijer, S., Peerdeman, K. J., Dusseldorp, E., Jensen, K. B., Veldhuijzen, D. S., van Middendorp, H., & Evers, A. W. M. (2023) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001112 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Socially Acquired Nocebo Effects Generalize but Are Not Attenuated by Choice
Saunders, C., Colagiuri, B., & Barnes, K. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaad056 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Stamp, G. E., Wadley, A. L., & Iacovides, S. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104619 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Buglewicz, E., Adamczyk, W. M., & Bąbel, P. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.07.015 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Can observational learning reinforce open-label placebo hypoalgesia?
Brączyk, J., & Bąbel, P. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003161 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rodrigues, B., Raghuraman, N., Shafir, R., Wang, Y., Watson, L., Cottam, J., Nabi, M., Akintola, T., & Colloca, L. (2025) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003637 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Meeuwis, S. H., Kłosowska, J., Budzisz, A., Jankowska, A., Rubanets, D., Badzińska, J., Bajcar, E. A., & Bąbel, P. (2025) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105526 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The role of observational learning in the formation of placebo and nocebo effects
Bajcar, E. A., & Bąbel, P. (2025) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29884-4.00003-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mostafa, R., McNair, N. A., Tan, W., Saunders, C., Colagiuri, B., & Barnes, K. (2024) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-024-00069-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bajcar, E. A., Kłosowska, J., Meeuwis, S. H., Rubanets, D., Badzińska, J., & Bąbel, P. (2025) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105420 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Meeuwis, S. H., Wasylewski, M. T., Bajcar, E. A., Bieniek, H., Adamczyk, W. M., Honcharova, S., Nardo, M. D., Mazzoni, G. A. L., & Bąbel, P. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/zq5e8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sauer, K. S., Pohl, A., den Bergh, O. V., & Witthöft, M. (2025) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001437 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Factors in the Modulation of Pain Perception
Илюшичев, В. Д., Dudkin, I. V., Mitiureva, D. G., Евгеньевич, М. П., Sysoeva, O. V., & Gerasimova, E. V. (2026) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-026-02005-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The effect of observational learning on the development of central sensitizationPreprint
Torta, D. M. E., Meyers, E., Polleunis, K., Wolf, S. D., Meulders, A., & van den Broeke, E. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3hk5j
Blasini, M., Corsi, N., & Colloca, L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95369-4_17
Mostafa, R., McNair, N. A., Tan, W., Saunders, C., Colagiuri, B., & Barnes, K. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ev2y5
- Authors
- Vögtle, E., Kröner-Herwig, B., & Barke, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Vögtle, Elisabeth
- ORCID
- Barke, Antonia
- Venue
- Journal of Pain Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 241
- ISSN
- 1178-7090 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4854239
- OpenAlex
- W2343882192
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- nocebo hyperalgesia, observational learning, social learning, pain catastrophizing, somatic symptoms, empathy, pressure pain, placebo effect
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
