Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the German version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale
Open accessAbstract
Objective In patients with chronic pain, catastrophizing is a significant determinant of self-rated pain intensity and disability. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) was developed to assist with both treatment planning and outcome assessment; to date, no German version has been validated.Methods A cross-cultural adaptation of the PCS into German was carried out, strictly according to recommended methods. A questionnaire booklet containing the PCS, visual analogue scales (numeric rating scale) for pain intensity and general health, the ZUNG self-rating depression scale, the Modified Somatic Perception Questionnaire (MSPQ), the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), and the Roland-Morris (RM) disability questionnaire was completed by 111 patients with chronic low back pain (mean age, 49 years), 100 of which also completed it again 7 days later.Results Cronbach's alpha (internal reliability) for the three subsections of the PCS--helplessness, magnification, rumination--and for the whole questionnaire (PCSwhole) were .89, .67, .88, and .92, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients of agreement for the reproducibility were .81, .67, .78, and .80, respectively. The PCSwhole scores correlated with the other scores as follows: pain intensity r=.26, general health r=-.29, ZUNG r=.52, MSPQ r=.53, FABQactivity r=.51, FABQwork r=.61 and RM r=.57. Factor analysis revealed three factors, with an almost identical factor structure to that reported in previous studies.Conclusion The psychometric properties of our German version of the PCS were comparable to those reported in previous studies for the original English version. It represents a valuable tool in the assessment of German-speaking chronic low back pain patients.
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The PCS shows strong psychometric properties with high internal consistency (α = 0.92) and good validity.
“The change in pain catastrophizing will be measured by the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) which shows strong psychometric properties with high internal consistency (α = 0.92) and good validity [33].”
From EFFects of Exposure and Cognitive behavioral Therapy for chronic BACK pain (“EFFECT-BACK”): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
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Miriam Kunz, A., Capito, E. S., Horn‐Hofmann, C., Baum, C., Scheel, J., Karmann, A. J., Priebe, J. A., & Lautenbacher, S. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-016-9585-4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Iwaki, R., 有村, 達., Jensen, M. P., Nakamura, T., Yamashiro, K., Makino, S., 小幡, 哲., Sudo, N., Kubo, C., & Hosoi, M. (2012) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01353.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Shen, B., Wu, B., Abdullah, T. B., Zhan, G., Lian, Q., Vania Apkarian, A., & Huang, L. (2018) · Molecular Pain · doi:10.1177/1744806918755283 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Consistent low alpha coefficients of magnification in other studies may challenge the reliability of the magnification subscale as an independent subscale, and warrants investigation of a two-factor alternative.(5) The reproducibility of the SC-PCS was assessed using ICCs, indicating excellent reproducibility.”
ResultLopes, R. A., Dias, R. C., de Queiroz, B. Z., Rosa, N. M. D. B., Pereira, L. D. S. M., Dias, J. M. D., & Magalhães, L. D. C. (2015) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x20150026 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wieser, M. J., Reicherts, P., Juravle, G., & von Leupoldt, A. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.026 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
German Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the STarT Back Screening Tool
Aebischer, B., Hill, J. C., Hilfiker, R., & Karstens, S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132068 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Makino, S., Jensen, M. P., 有村, 達., 小幡, 哲., Anno, K., Iwaki, R., Kubo, C., Sudo, N., & Hosoi, M. (2012) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e3182579c63 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Glombiewski, J. A., Riecke, J., Holzapfel, S., Rief, W., König, S., Lachnit, H., & Seifart, U. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460329.48633.ce · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Wieser, M. J., Gerdes, A. B. M., Greiner, R., Reicherts, P., & Pauli, P. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.019 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sensory and sympathetic correlates of heat pain sensitization and habituation in men and women
Breimhorst, M., Hondrich, M., Rebhorn, C., May, A., & Birklein, F. (2012) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00133.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Xiong, Y.-C. (2015) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.2015/18/e1059 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Predicting factors of outcome in multidisciplinary treatment of chronic neuropathic pain
Shaygan, M., Böger, A., & Kröner‐Herwig, B. (2018) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s175817 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Nocebo hyperalgesia: contributions of social observation and body-related cognitive styles
Vögtle, E., Kröner-Herwig, B., & Barke, A. (2016) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s96228 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Müller, R., Segerer, W., Ronca, E., Gemperli, A., Stirnimann, D., Scheel-Sailer, A., & Jensen, M. P. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2020.1850888 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Willett, M., Siebertz, M. W., Petzke, F. W., Erlenwein, J., Rushton, A. B., Soldini, E., Barbero, M., & Falla, D. (2019) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12851 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Barke, A., Riecke, J., Rief, W., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2015) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0641-z · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Pain catastrophizing For the assessment of pain catastrophizing, the German version of the PCS was used [16, 12].”
MethodDideriksen, J. L., Gizzi, L., Petzke, F. W., & Falla, D. (2013) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.037 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Zafra, A. O., Toro, E. O., & Cano, L. A. (2013) · Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte · doi:10.4321/s1578-84232013000100009 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bossmann, T., Brauner, T., Wearing, S. C., & Horstmann, T. (2017) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt-2017-0023 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Reicherts, P., Wieser, M. J., Gerdes, A. B. M., Likowski, K. U., Weyers, P., Mühlberger, A., & Pauli, P. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.06.017 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Concerns About Pain (CAP) Scale: A Patient-Reported Outcome Measure of Pain Catastrophizing
Amtmann, D., Bamer, A. M., Liljenquist, K. S., Cowan, P., Salem, R., Turk, D. C., & Jensen, M. P. (2020) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2020.03.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Nishigami, T., Mibu, A., Tanaka, K., Yamashita, Y., Watanabe, A., & Tanabe, A. (2017) · Journal of Orthopaedic Science · doi:10.1016/j.jos.2016.11.015 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Schäfer, A. G. M., Joos, L., Roggemann, K., Waldvogel-Röcker, K., Pfingsten, M., & Petzke, F. W. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182207 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the German Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI-GE)
Klute, M., Laekeman, M., Kuss, K., Petzke, F. W., Dieterich, A. V., Leha, A., Neblett, R., Ehrhardt, S., Ulma, J., & Schäfer, A. G. M. (2021) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04481-5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Cultural Adaptability of Intermediate Measures of Functional Outcome in Schizophrenia*
Velligan, D. I., Rubin, M. S., Fredrick, M. M., Mintz, J., Nuechterlein, K. H., Schooler, N. R., Jaeger, J., Peters, N. M., Buller, R., Marder, S. R., et al. (2010) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq136 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Validation of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) in Iran
Raeissadat, S. A., Sadeghi, S., & Montazeri, A. (2013) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Afrashteh, M. Y., Abbasi, M., & Abbasi, M. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01053-1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Braun, A., Evdokimov, D., Frank, J., Pauli, P., Üçeyler, N., & Sommer, C. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243806 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bansal, D., Gudala, K., Lavudiya, S., Ghai, B., & Arora, P. (2016) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnv103 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Strube, A., Horing, B., Rose, M., & Büchel, C. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.01.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Alamam, D., Leaver, A. M., Alsobayel, H., Moloney, N. A., Lin, J., & Mackey, M. (2020) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa430 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Evaluation eines frühen interdisziplinären multimodalen Assessments für Patienten mit Schmerzen
Kaiser, U., Petzke, F. W., Nagel, B., Marschall, U., Casser, H., Isenberg, T., Kohlmann, T., Lindena, G., PAIN2020, Augustin, K., et al. (2020) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s00482-020-00497-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Geisler, M., Ritter, A., Herbsleb, M., Bär, K., & Weiß, T. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25659 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Farin‐Glattacker, E. (2015) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0359-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chronic pelvic pain: Pathogenesis and validated assessment
Yosef, A. H., Ahmed, A. G. M., Al-Hussaini, T. K., Abdellah, M. S., Cua, G., & Bedaiwy, M. A. (2016) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2016.08.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Schemer, L., Schroeder, A., Ørnbøl, E., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2019) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1326 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Acute alcohol effects on conditioned pain modulation, but not temporal summation of pain
Horn‐Hofmann, C., Capito, E. S., Wolstein, J. R., & Lautenbacher, S. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001597 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Yellow flags as predictors of rehabilitation outcome in chronic low back pain.
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Bragazzi, N. L., Puente, G. D., & Natta, W. M. (2014) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s55393 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Enax‐Krumova, E., Pohl, S., Westermann, A., & Maier, C. (2017) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-017-0839-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Thaler, H., Skewes, J., Gebauer, L., Christensen, P., Prkachin, K. M., & Elmholdt, E.-M. J. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317701269 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Huber, C., Kunz, M., Artelt, C., & Lautenbacher, S. (2010) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2010/516176 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Riecke, J., Holzapfel, S., Rief, W., Lachnit, H., & Glombiewski, J. (2016) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s92615 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Distinguishing fibromyalgia syndrome from small fiber neuropathy: a clinical guide
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- Authors
- Meyer, K., Sprott, H., & Mannion, A. F.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Zurich (CH)
- Schulthess-Klinik (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Meyer, Kathrin
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-05
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 469-478
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2117529812
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 4.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.zora.uzh.ch
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- Pain Catastrophizing Scale, pain catastrophizing, chronic low back pain, cross-cultural adaptation, German version, psychometric validation, reliability statistics, validity, helplessness, pain magnification, rumination, fear-avoidance beliefs, depression, disability
- MeSH terms
- Acculturation, Adaptation, Psychological, Chronic Disease, Culture, Germany, Humans, Language, Pain, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results
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