The relationship between procrastination, perceived stress, saliva alpha-amylase level and parenting styles in Chinese first year medical students
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Procrastination is prevalent among students today, and this negatively impacts upon their academic achievement. The current study aimed to explore the relationship between procrastination, perceived stress, saliva alpha-amylase (sAA) levels, and the parenting styles of Chinese first year medical students (MBBS). METHODS: We recruited 140 MBBS students aged 18-22 years. Assessments included the Procrastination Assessment Scale-Students (PASS), the Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), saliva alpha-amylase level (sAA), and the Chinese version of the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (EMBU) which assesses parenting style. PSS and sAA levels were assessed at week 1 (baseline), then again at week 2 and week 4. RESULTS: Male students reported higher levels of procrastination and perceived stress reactions than their female counterparts. Male students reported experiencing higher punishing/severe and rejecting (ie negative) parenting styles, while female students reported experiencing higher warm and affectionate (ie positive) parenting styles. Positive parenting styles were negatively associated with to procrastination and stress reactions, while negative parenting styles were positively associated with procrastination and delayed stress reactions among MBBS students. CONCLUSION: Procrastination induced stress in MBBS students, providing further evidence that procrastination enhances stress in young adulthood. Negative parenting styles, such as being punishing and rejecting, had a positive correlation with procrastination.
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Procrastination is linked to health impairment, including stress, physical symptoms, and depression and anxiety symptoms.
“Research indicates that procrastination is linked to lower academic performance [15], health impairment (e.g., stress [16], physical symptoms [17], depression and anxiety symptoms [18]), and poor health-related behavior (e.g., heavier alcohol consumption [19]).”
From Procrastination, depression and anxiety symptoms in university students: a three-wave longitudinal study on the mediating role of perceived stress (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
Citation [18] is attached to depression and anxiety symptoms, not to the separately cited stress and physical symptoms. The Introduction says academic procrastination can induce anxiety, but our copy does not state that it is linked to depression symptoms; depression appears only in reference titles. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Vera-Ponce, V. J., Zuzunaga-Montoya, F. E., Tamayo, M. J. C., León‐Figueroa, D. A., Uceda, C. I. G., Rivera-Lozada, O., Ballena-Caicedo, J., Delgado-Toro, H. E., & Valladares-Garrido, M. J. (2026) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe16100154
- Authors
- Khalid, A., Zhang, Q., Wang, W., Ghaffari, A. S., & Pan, F.
- Affiliations
- Shandong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Pan, Fang
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychology Research and Behavior Management
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- Volume 12
- Pages
- 489-498
- ISSN
- 1179-1578 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6619418
- OpenAlex
- W2955766326
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychology Research and Behavior Management (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Keywords
- procrastination, perceived stress, parenting styles, first-year medical students, medical students, gender differences, negative parenting, stress reactivity, early adulthood, Chinese students
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