Artificial intelligence and criminal liability: problems of becoming a new type of crime subject
Open accessAbstract
««Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Право» — международный научно-теоретический рецензируемый журнал, публикующий материалы в следующих рубриках: Публичное и частное право: прикладные исследования Криминология Криминалистика Судебная экспертиза Исследования права с позиций социальных и гуманитарных (неюридических) наук Правовая жизнь: научно-практические заключения, комментарии и обзоры Сравнительное право Зарубежное право
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Contemporary AI models do not possess sufficient characteristics to qualify them as independent legal subjects in the traditional sense.
“It is important to note that contemporary AI models do not possess sufficient characteristics to qualify them as independent legal subjects in the traditional sense. 12”
From Responsibility in the Field of Artificial Intelligence Systems Usage: Features of Private and Public Law Regulation (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across western US forests
Abatzoglou, J. T., & Williams, A. P. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1607171113 · Cited by 3,073 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence in medicine
Hamet, P., & Tremblay, J. (2017) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.01.011 · Cited by 2,334 · see citing works
Liability for damages caused by artificial intelligence
Čerka, P., Grigienė, J., & Sirbikytė, G. (2015) · Computer law & security review · doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2015.03.008 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Talking to Bots: Symbiotic Agency and the Case of Tay
Neff, G. (2016) · International journal of communication · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence and Legal Liability
Kingston, J. K. C. (2016) · Research and Development in Intelligent Systems XXXIII · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47175-4_20 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence from the Point of View of Law
Ponkin, I. V., & Redkina, A. (2018) · Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Юридические науки · doi:10.22363/2313-2337-2018-22-1-91-109 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
When Robots Kill: Artificial Intelligence under Criminal Law
Hallevy, G. (2013) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Criminal Liability Issues Created by Autonomous Vehicles
Douma, F., & Palodichuk, S. A. (2012) · Santa Clara Law Digital Commons (Santa Clara University) · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Arkhipov, V. V., & Naumov, V. B. (2017) · Informatics and Automation · doi:10.15622/sp.55.2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Intelligent agents and criminal law—Negligence, diffusion of liability and electronic personhood
Beck, S. (2016) · Robotics and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1016/j.robot.2016.08.028 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Criminal liability of the artificial intelligence
Радутний, О. Е. (2017) · Problems of Legality · doi:10.21564/2414-990x.138.105661 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- [2]2. Архипов, Владислав В., Виктор Б. Наумов. 2017. «Искусственный интеллект и автономные устрой- ства в контексте права: о разработке первого в России закона о робототехнике». Труды СПИИРАН 6 (55): 46-62.
- [7]7. Лапунин, Михаил М. 2017. «Обстоятельства, исключающие преступность деяния, и научно-техни- ческий прогресс». Вестник Академии Генеральной прокуратуры Российской Федерации 6 (62): 81-87.
- [23]23. Abatzoglou, John T., Williams, Park A. 2016. "Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire across Western US Forests". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113: 11770-11775.
- [26]26. Čerka, Paulius, Jurgita Grigienė, Girbikyte Sirbikytė. 2015. "Liability for Damages Caused by Artificial Intel- ligence". Computer Law and Security Review 31: 376-389.
- [27]27. Douma, Frank, Sarah A. Palodichuk. 2012. "Criminal Liability Issues Created by Autonomous Vehicles". Santa Clara Law Review 52: 1157-1169.
- [29]29. Hallevy, Gabriel. 2013. When Robots Kill: Artificial Intelligence Under Criminal Law. Boston, Northeastern University Press.
- [32]32. Kingston, John K. C. 2016. "Artificial Intelligence and Legal Liability", Research and Development in Intel- ligent Systems XXXIII: Incorporating Applications and Innovations in Intelligent Systems XXIV, ed. by Max Bramer, Miltos Petridis: 269-279. Cambridge, Springer.
- [34]34. Lapunin, Mikhail M. 2017. "Circumstances Excluding Criminality of Act and Scientific and Technical Pro- gress". Vestnik Akademii General'noi prokuratury Rossiiskoi Federatsii 6 (62): 81-87. (In Russian)
- [37]37. Neff, Gina, Peter Nagy. 2016. "Talking To Bots: Symbiotic Agency and the Case of Tay". International Journal of Communication 10: 4915-4931.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Khmelevskoi, I. R., & Kalashnikov, N. A. (2025) · BRICS Law Journal · doi:10.21684/2412-2343-2025-12-4-147-166
- Authors
- Vyatka State University, & Mosechkin, I. N.
- Venue
- Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law
- Publisher
- Saint Petersburg State University
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 461-476
- ISSN
- 2074-1243 (ISSN-L)
- 2587-5833
- OpenAlex
- W2989924636
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 17.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Law (publishedVersion)
- Research Repository Saint Petersburg State University (Saint Petersburg State University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Law and Policy
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Literary and Philosophical Studies
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, criminal liability, legal personality, criminal law, legal status of AI
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review