Cited by 288Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchComplementary and Alternative Medicine StudiesPsychedelics and Drug Studies

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Cannabinoids in Clinical Practice

Williamson, Elizabeth M., Evans, Fred J.·2000·Drugs

DOI 10.2165/00003495-200060060-00005

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Abstract

Cannabis has a potential for clinical use often obscured by unreliable and purely anecdotal reports. The most important natural cannabinoid is the psychoactive tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC); others include cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG). Not all the observed effects can be ascribed to THC, and the other constituents may also modulate its action; for example CBD reduces anxiety induced by THC. A standardised extract of the herb may be therefore be more beneficial in practice and clinical trial protocols have been drawn up to assess this. The mechanism of action is still not fully understood, although cannabinoid receptors have been cloned and natural ligands identified. Cannabis is frequently used by patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) for muscle spasm and pain, and in an experimental model of MS low doses of cannabinoids alleviated tremor. Most of the controlled studies have been carried out with THC rather than cannabis herb and so do not mimic the usual clincal situation. Small clinical studies have confirmed the usefulness of THC as an analgesic; CBD and CBG also have analgesic and antiinflammatory effects, indicating that there is scope for developing drugs which do not have the psychoactive properties of THC. Patients taking the synthetic derivative nabilone for neurogenic pain actually preferred cannabis herb and reported that it relieved not only pain but the associated depression and anxiety. Cannabinoids are effective in chemotherapy-induced emesis and nabilone has been licensed for this use for several years. Currently, the synthetic cannabinoid HU211 is undergoing trials as a protective agent after brain trauma. Anecdotal reports of cannabis use include case studies in migraine and Tourette's syndrome, and as a treatment for asthma and glaucoma. Apart from the smoking aspect, the safety profile of cannabis is fairly good. However, adverse reactions include panic or anxiety attacks, which are worse in the elderly and in women, and less likely in children. Although psychosis has been cited as a consequence of cannabis use, an examination of psychiatric hospital admissions found no evidence of this, however, it may exacerbate existing symptoms. The relatively slow elimination from the body of the cannabinoids has safety implications for cognitive tasks, especially driving and operating machinery; although driving impairment with cannabis is only moderate, there is a significant interaction with alcohol. Natural materials are highly variable and multiple components need to be standardised to ensure reproducible effects. Pure natural and synthetic compounds do not have these disadvantages but may not have the overall therapeutic effect of the herb.

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A critical review of both the synthesis approach and the receptor profile of the 8-chloro-1-(2′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-N-piperidin-1-yl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyrazole-3-carboxamide and analogue derivatives
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Synthesis of stable cannabidiol (CBD) nanoparticles in suspension
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“In contrast to the CB1 agonist THC, CBD has partial antagonistic effects on CB1 receptors [34].”
Background
Treatment for hepatitis C virus and cannabis use in illicit drug user patients: implications and questions
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“However, it should be noted that employing specific isolated cannabinoids eliminates the synergistic effects of multiple compounds observed with the administration of whole-plant extracts [19].”
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“…-THC), which is regarded as the most important natural cannabinoid [63]; cannabidiol (CBD); cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN); cannabichromene (CBC) [63]; ∆ 8 -tetrahydrocannabinol ( ∆ 8 -THC) [64]; ∆ 9 -tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) [64]; cannabivarin (CBV) [64]; and cannabidivarin (CBDV) [64].”
BackgroundInfluential
In silicio expression analysis of PKS genes isolated from Cannabis sativa L.
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“Several therapeutic effects of cannabinoids have been described (Williamson and Evans, 2000) and the discovery of an endocannabinoid system in mammals marked a renewed interest in these compounds (Mackie, 2008; Moreira and Lutz, 2008; Heifets and Castillo, 2009).”
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“23 Cannabis use during pregnancy, especially on a daily basis, has been associated with adverse neonatal outcomes leading to neurophysiological and behavioral abnormalities.”
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Comparing Sublingual and Inhaled Cannabis Therapies for Low Back Pain: An Observational Open-Label Study
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The safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of multiple sclerosis
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Cannabis Endophytes and Their Application in Breeding and Physiological Fitness
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Recent Advances in Research on Cannabis sativa L. Endophytes and Their Prospect for the Pharmaceutical Industry
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Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Analogs of Indole‐Based Cannabimimetic Agents
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Do Cannabinoids Confer Neuroprotection Against Epilepsy? An Overview
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“Indeed, as far back as 2600 BC, the Chinese emperor Huang Ti recommended using it to relieve cramps and rheumatic and menstrual pain [3, 4].”
Background
Transcriptional regulation of the pregnane-X receptor by the Ayurvedic formulation Chandraprabha Vati
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Synthesis, cannabinoid receptor activity, and enzymatic stability of reversed amide derivatives of arachidonoyl ethanolamide
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Effects of Oral Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Women During the Follicular Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
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Perspectives and Pitfalls in Potency Testing of Cannabinoids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
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Restless Genital Syndrome (ReGS) Should Be Distinguished From Spontaneous Orgasms: A Case Report of Cannabis-Induced Spontaneous Orgasm
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“As is well known, cannabis, which alters sensory perception, increases sociability, and induces euphoria, is the most frequently abused recreational substance (Williamson & Evans, 2000).”
Background
Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Medical Cannabis
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“11,12 Patients may have experiences using variable amounts and routes of administration of cannabis in an attempt to treat their own pain.”
Influential
High-throughput phytochemical characterization of non-cannabinoid compounds of Cannabis plant and seed, from Pakistan.
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Cannabinoids and pain relief
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Cannabis: the analgesic and antiinflammatory medication of the future?
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Effect of Cannabigerol on Sleep and Quality of Life in Veterans: A Decentralized, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
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The Effects of Nicotine and Cannabinoids on Cytokines
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Authors: Williamson, E. M., & Evans, F. J.
Affiliations: University of London (GB)
ORCID: Williamson, Elizabeth M.
Venue: Drugs
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2000-12
Volume: 60
Issue: 6
Pages: 1303-1314
ISSN: 0012-6667 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200060060-00005
OpenAlex: W2057393616
Cited by: 283
References: 90
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 1.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Drugs (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
Keywords: cannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabis, multiple sclerosis, muscle spasm, pain, nabilone, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, traumatic brain injury, migraine, Tourette syndrome, glaucoma, asthma, cannabis safety, adverse effects, driving impairment, alcohol interaction, cannabinoid receptors
MeSH terms: Animals, Asthma, Blood Pressure, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Glaucoma, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Placebo Effect

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