CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 486Sports Performance and TrainingExercise and Physiological ResponsesCardiovascular and exercise physiology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 208 of the 208 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Blood Hormones as Markers of Training Stress and Overtraining

Urhausen, Axel, Gabriel, Holger, Kindermann, Wilfried·1995·Sports Medicine
DOI 10.2165/00007256-199520040-00004
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

An imbalance between the overall strain experienced during exercise training and the athlete's tolerance of such effort may induce overreaching or overtraining syndrome. Overtraining syndrome is characterised by diminished sport-specific physical performance, accelerated fatiguability and subjective symptoms of stress. Overtraining is feared by athletes yet there is a lack of objective parameters suitable for its diagnosis and prevention. In addition to the determination of substrates (e.g. lactate, ammonia and urea) and enzymes (e.g. creatine kinase), the possibilities for monitoring of training by measuring hormonal levels in blood are currently being investigated. Endogenous hormones are essential for physiological reactions and adaptations during physical work and influence the recovery phase after exercise by modulating anabolic and catabolic processes. Testosterone and cortisol are playing a significant role in metabolism of protein as well as carbohydrate metabolism. Both are competitive agonists at the receptor level of muscular cells. The testosterone/cortisol ratio is used as an indication of the anabolic/catabolic balance. This ratio decreases in relation to the intensity and duration of physical exercise, as well as during periods of intense training or repetitive competition, and can be reversed by regenerative measures. Correlations have been noted with the training-induced changes of strength. However, it seems more likely that the testosterone/cortisol ratio indicates the actual physiological strain in training, rather than overtraining syndrome. The sympatho-adrenergic system might be involved in the pathogenesis of overtraining. Overtraining appears as a disturbed autonomic regulation, which in its parasympathicotonic form shows a diminished maximal secretion of catecholamines, combined with an impaired full mobilisation of anaerobic lactic reserves. This is supposed to lead to decreased maximal blood lactate levels and maximal performance. Free plasma adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) may provide additional information for the monitoring of endurance training. While prolonged aerobic exercise conducted at intensities below the individual anaerobic threshold lead to a moderate rise of sympathetic activity, workloads exceeding this threshold are characterised by a disproportionate increase in the levels of catecholamines. In addition, psychological stress during competitive events is characterised by a higher catecholamines to lactate ratio in comparison with training exercise sessions. Thus, the frequency of training sessions with higher anaerobic lactic demands or of competition, should be carefully limited in order to prevent overtraining syndrome. In the state of overtraining syndrome and overreaching, respectively, an intraindividually decreased maximum rise of pituitary hormones (corticotrophin, growth hormone), cortisol and insulin has been found after a standardised exhaustive exercise test performed with an intensity of 10% above the individual anaerobic threshold.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2165/00007256-199520040-00004

Cites

208 of 208 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 486

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Urhausen, A., Gabriel, H., & Kindermann, W.
Affiliations
Saarland University (DE)
ORCID
Venue
Sports Medicine
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
1995-10
Volume
20
Issue
4
Pages
251-276
ISSN
0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2165/00007256-199520040-00004
OpenAlex
W1964517447
Cited by
486
References
208
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
FWCI
4.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords
overtraining syndrome, overreaching, blood hormones, testosterone/cortisol ratio, cortisol, testosterone, catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, sympathoadrenal system, autonomic regulation, anaerobic threshold, endurance training, psychological stress, growth hormone, insulin, post-exercise recovery, fatigue, anabolic-catabolic balance
MeSH terms
Epinephrine, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Norepinephrine, Pituitary Hormones, Sports, Stress, Physiological, Testosterone, Biomarkers, Exercise

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review