The overtraining syndrome in athletes: A stress-related disorder

Angeli, A.; Minetto, M.; Dovio, A.; Paccotti, P.

doi:10.1007/bf03347487

Cited by 169Exercise and Physiological ResponsesSports Performance and TrainingStress Responses and Cortisol

The overtraining syndrome in athletes: A stress-related disorder

Angeli, A., Minetto, M., Dovio, A., Paccotti, P.·2004·Journal of Endocrinological Investigation

DOI 10.1007/bf03347487

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Abstract

Physical exercise is a type of allostatic load for several endocrine systems, notably the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Athletes undergoing a strenuous training schedule can develop a significant decrease in performance associated with systemic symptoms or signs: the overtraining syndrome (OTS). This is a stress-related condition that consists of alteration of physiological functions and adaptation to performance, impairment of psychological processing, immunological dysfunction and biochemical abnormalities. Universally agreed diagnostic criteria for OTS are lacking. The pituitary-adrenal response to a standardized exercise test is usually reduced in overtrained athletes. This HPA dysfunction could reflect the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. The most attractive hypothesis that accounts for the observed neuro-endocrine-immune dysregulation is the Smith's cytokine hypothesis of OTS. It assumes that physical training can produce muscle and skeletal trauma, thus generating a local inflammatory reaction. With the excessive repetition of the training stimulus the local inflammation can generate a systemic inflammatory response. The main actors of these processes are the cytokines, polypeptides that modulate HPA function in and outside the brain at nearly every level of activity. It is hoped that future research will focus on endogenous risk factors for morbidities related to the neuro-endocrine-immune adaptation to exercise.

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“Acute physical exertion above 60% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is one of the physical stresses that stimulates the HPA axis and release of stress and catabolic hormones [30]”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [30]

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The Quantification of Training Load, the Training Response and the Effect on Performance
Borresen, J., & Lambert, M. (2009) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11317780-000000000-00000 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine
Min, J., Tu, J., Xu, C., Lukas, H., Shin, S., Yang, Y., Solomon, S. A., Mukasa, D., & Gao, W. F. (2023) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Exercise, oxidative stress and hormesis
Radak, Z., Chung, H. Y., Koltai, E., Taylor, A. W., & Goto, S. (2008) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2007.04.004 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes
Clark, A., & Mach, N. (2016) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0155-6 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
“Acute physical exertion above 60% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is one of the physical stresses that stimulates the HPA axis and release of stress and catabolic hormones [30], whereas exercising below this intensity fails to cause such a spike in serum cortisol [31].”
Background
Autonomic Control of Heart Rate during and after Exercise
Borresen, J., & Lambert, M. (2008) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200838080-00002 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Overtraining Syndrome
Kreher, J. B., & Schwartz, J. B. (2012) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/1941738111434406 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Neuromodulation of Aerobic Exercise—A Review
Heijnen, S., Hommel, B., Kibele, A., & Colzato, L. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01890 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Stress and the neuroendocrine system: the role of exercise as a stressor and modifier of stress
Hackney, A. C. (2006) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.1.6.783 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Polarized training has greater impact on key endurance variables than threshold, high intensity, or high volume training
STÖGGL, T. L., & Sperlich, B. (2014) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00033 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Continuous stress detection using a wrist device
Gjoreski, M., Gjoreski, H., Luštrek, M., & Gams, M. (2016) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2968219.2968306 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Depression, comorbidities and the TNF-α system
Himmerich, H., Fulda, S., Linseisen, J., Seiler, H., Wolfram, G., Himmerich, S., Gedrich, K., Kloiber, S., Lucae, S., Ising, M., et al. (2008) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.03.013 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Gut-Muscle Axis Exists and May Affect Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Training
Przewłócka, K., Folwarski, M., Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, K., Skonieczna‐Żydecka, K., & Kaczor, J. J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051451 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Physiological and Psychological Fatigue in Extreme Conditions: Overtraining and Elite Athletes
Purvis, D. L., Gonsalves, S. G., & Deuster, P. A. (2010) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.03.025 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Influence of fatigue, stress, muscle soreness and sleep on perceived exertion during submaximal effort
Haddad, M., Chaouachi, A., Wong, D. P., Castagna, C., Hambli, M., Hüe, O., & Chamari, K. (2013) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.06.016 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Exercise induced stress in horses: Selection of the most stable reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR normalization
Cappelli, K., Felicetti, M., Capomaccio, S., Spinsanti, G., Silvestrelli, M., & Supplizi, A. V. (2008) · BMC Molecular Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2199-9-49 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Age-associated miRNA Alterations in Skeletal Muscle from Rhesus Monkeys reversed by caloric restriction
Mercken, E. M., Majounie, E., Ding, J., Guo, R., Kim, J., Bernier, M., Mattison, J. A., Cookson, M., Gorospe, M., de Cabo, R., et al. (2013) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100598 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Protein Supplements and Their Relation with Nutrition, Microbiota Composition and Health: Is More Protein Always Better for Sportspeople?
Kårlund, A., Gómez-Gallego, C., Turpeinen, A. M., Palo-oja, O.-M., El-Nezami, H. S., & Kolehmainen, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040829 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Successful Antidepressant Therapy Restores the Disturbed Interplay Between TNF-α System and HPA Axis
Himmerich, H., Binder, E. B., Kunzel, H. E., Schuld, A., Lucae, S., Uhr, M., Pollmächer, T., Holsboer, F., & Ising, M. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.075 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Relationship between daily training load and psychometric status of professional soccer players
Moalla, W., Fessi, M. S., Farhat, F., Nouira, S., Wong, D. P., & Dupont, G. (2016) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2016.1239579 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Athletes Referred for Disabling Symptoms Preventing Usual Training Schedule and Sport Competition
Furlanello, F., Lupo, P., Pittalis, M., FORESTI, S., Serdoz, L. V., Francia, P., Ambroggi, G. D., Ferrero, P., Nardi, S., Inama, G., et al. (2008) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.01077.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Can sustained arousal explain the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?
Wyller, V. B., Eriksen, H. R., & Malterud, K. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-10 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Melatonin decreases muscular oxidative stress and inflammation induced by strenuous exercise and stimulates growth factor synthesis
Borges, L., Dermargos, A., da Silva, E. P., Weimann, E., Lambertucci, R. H., & Hatanaka, E. (2014) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12202 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Changes of the psychophysical state and feeling of wellness of professional soccer players during pre-season and in-season periods
Fessi, M. S., Nouira, S., Dellal, A., Owen, A. L., Elloumi, M., & Moalla, W. (2016) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2016.1222278 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Effects of a 4-Month Recruit Training Program on Markers of Bone Metabolism
Evans, R. K., Antczak, A. J., Lester, M., Yanovich, R., Israeli, E., & Moran, D. S. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318189422b · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The Detrimental Effects of Allostasis: Allostatic Load as a Measure of Cumulative Stress
Stewart, J. A. (2006) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · doi:10.2114/jpa2.25.133 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Fatigue in neuromuscular disorders: focus on Guillain–Barré syndrome and Pompe disease
de Vries, J. M., Hagemans, M. L. C., Bussmann, J. B. J., van der Ploeg, A. T., & van Doorn, P. A. (2009) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-009-0184-2 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Atrial fibrillation in athletes: Implicit literature-based connections suggest that overtraining and subsequent inflammation may be a contributory mechanism
Swanson, D. R. (2006) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.01.006 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Functioning in Overtraining Syndrome: Findings from Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining Syndrome (EROS)—EROS-HPA Axis
Cadegiani, F., & Kater, C. E. (2017) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0113-0 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Impact of Sports Involvement on Body Image Perception and Ideals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zaccagni, L., & Gualdi‐Russo, E. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20065228 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Etiology of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Testing Popular Hypotheses Using a National Birth Cohort Study
Harvey, S. B., Wadsworth, M. E. J., Wessely, S. C., & Hotopf, M. H. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31816a8dbc · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Neuro-computational Impact of Physical Training Overload on Economic Decision-Making
Blain, B., Schmit, C., Aubry, A., Hausswirth, C., Meur, Y. L., & Pessiglione, M. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.054 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Downhill training upregulates mice hippocampal and striatal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels
Aguiar, A. S., Speck, A. E., Prediger, R. D., Kapczinski, F. P., & Pinho, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0071-2 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Exercising the hepatobiliary‐gut axis. The impact of physical activity performance
Molina‐Molina, E., Baccetto, R., Wang, D. Q. ‐., de Bari, O., Krawczyk, M. J., & Portincasa, P. (2018) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.12958 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Psychological Predictors for Depression and Burnout Among German Junior Elite Athletes
Nixdorf, I., Beckmann, J., & Nixdorf, I. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00601 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Testosterone and Cortisol Changes in Professional Basketball Players Through a Season Competition
Córdova, A., Seco‐Calvo, J., Marí, J. A. T., Inchaurregui, L. C. A., Echevarrı́a, E., & Pons, A. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181ce2423 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Overtraining, Exercise, and Adrenal Insufficiency
Brooks, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Novel Physiotherapies · doi:10.4172/2165-7025.1000125 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Novel causes and consequences of overtraining syndrome: the EROS-DISRUPTORS study
Cadegiani, F., & Kater, C. E. (2019) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-019-0132-x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Shanghuo” increases disease susceptibility: Modern significance of an old TCM theory
Pan, M., Zhu, S., Duan, W., Ma, X., Luo, X., Liu, B., Kurihara, H., Li, Y.-F., Chen, J., & He, R. (2019) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112491 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Monitoring the effects of training load changes on stress and recovery in swimmers
González-Boto, R., del Valle, A. S., Tuero, C., González‐Gallego, J., & Márquez, S. (2008) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/bf03168231 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Immune response to exercise in elite sportsmen during the competitive season
Córdova, A., Sureda, A., Tur, J. A., & Pons, A. (2010) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-010-0001-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Stress hormonal analysis in elite soccer players during a season
Michailidis, Y. (2014) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.03.016 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Increased Levels of IgE and Autoreactive, Polyreactive IgG in Wild Rodents: Implications for the Hygiene Hypothesis
Devalapalli, A. P., Lesher, A. P., Shieh, K., Solow, J. S., Everett, M. L., Edala, A. S., Whitt, P. B., Long, R. R., Newton, N. H., & Parker, W. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01785.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Exercise Intervention in Treatment of Neuropsychological Diseases: A Review
Chen, Z., Lan, W., Yang, G., Li, Y., Xiang, J., Chen, L., Zhou, Y. N., & Li, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569206 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Potential Role of Nutrition in Overtraining Syndrome: A Narrative Review
Torre, M. E. L., Monda, A., Messina, A., de Stefano, M. I., Monda, V., Moscatelli, F., Tafuri, F., Saraiello, E., Latino, F., Monda, M., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15234916 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A comparison of traditional and novel metrics to quantify resistance training
Marston, K. J., Peiffer, J. J., Newton, M. J., & Scott, B. R. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05953-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
An Explorative Study on Major Stressors and Its Connection to Depression and Chronic Stress among German Elite Athletes
Nixdorf, I., Frank, R., & Beckmann, J. (2015) · Advances in Physical Education · doi:10.4236/ape.2015.54030 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mecanismos adaptativos do sistema imunológico em resposta ao treinamento físico
Leandro, C. G., Manhães‐de‐Castro, R., do Nascimento, E., Pithon‐Curi, T. C., & Curi, R. (2007) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922007000500012 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Anxiety and Psycho-Physiological Stress Response to Competitive Sport Exercise
Tanguy, G., Sagui, E., ZAGNOLI, F., Martin‐Krumm, C., Canini, F., & Trousselard, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01469 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Alterations in the innate immune system due to exhausting exercise in intensively trained rats
Estruel‐Amades, S., Camps‐Bossacoma, M., Massot‐Cladera, M., Pérez-Cano, F. J., & Castell, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-57783-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Intense exercise potentiates oxidative stress in striatum of reserpine-treated animals
Teixeira, A. M., Reckziegel, P., Müller, L. G., Pereira, R. P., Roos, D. H., da Rocha, J. B. T., & Bürger, M. E. (2008) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.11.015 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Rehabilitation of decreased motor performance in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: should we treat low effort capacity or reduced effort tolerance?
Houdenhove, B. V., Verheyen, L., Pardaens, K., Luyten, P., & Wambeke, P. V. (2007) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215507080769 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The influence of hypoxic physical activity on cfDNA as a new marker of vascular inflammation
Pokrywka, A., Zembroń-Łacny, A., Baldy-Chudzik, K., Orysiak, J., Sitkowski, D., & Banach, M. (2015) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2015.56341 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Practicality of using galvanic skin response to measure intraoperative physiologic autonomic activation in operating room team members
Phitayakorn, R., Minehart, R. D., Pian-Smith, M. C. M., Hemingway, M., & PETRUSA, E. R. (2015) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2015.04.009 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
CDNA-microarray analysis as a research tool for expression profiling in human peripheral blood following exercise
Zieker, D., Zieker, J., Dietzsch, J., Burnet, M. W. M., Northoff, H., & Fehrenbach, E. (2026) · PubMed · doi:10.22029/eir.2005.1617 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The dose-response relationship between interval-training and VO<sub>2max</sub>in well-trained endurance runners: A systematic review
Parmar, A., Jones, T. W., & Hayes, P. (2021) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2021.1876313 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Monitoring Psychometric States of Recovery to Improve Performance in Soccer Players: A Brief Review
Selmi, O., Ouergui, I., Muscella, A., My, G., Marsigliante, S., Nobarı, H., Suzuki, K., & Bouassida, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159385 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Acute effects of resistance exercise and intermittent intense aerobic exercise on blood cell count and oxidative stress in trained middle-aged women
Cardoso, A. M., Bagatini, M. D., Roth, M. A., Martins, C. C., Rezer, J. F. P., Mello, F. F., Lopes, L. F. D. F., Morsch, V. M., & Schetinger, M. R. C. (2012) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500166 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mitochondrial IV complex and brain neurothrophic derived factor responses of mice brain cortex after downhill training
Aguiar, A. S., Tuon, T., Pinho, C. A., da Silva, L. A., Andreazza, A. C., Kapczinski, F. P., Quevedo, J., STRECK, E. L., & Pinho, R. A. (2007) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.08.058 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Absence of the predisposing factors and signs and symptoms usually associated with overreaching and overtraining in physical fitness centers
Ackel-D’Elia, C., Vancini, R. L., Castelo, A., Nouailhetas, V. L. A., & da Silva, A. C. (2010) · Clinics · doi:10.1590/s1807-59322010001100019 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Magnesium and stress
Cuciureanu, M. D., & Vink, R. (2011) · University of Adelaide Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/upo9780987073051.020 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Parameters of low back pain chronicity among athletes: Associations with physical and mental stress
Heidari, J., Mierswa, T., Kleinert, J., Ott, I., Levenig, C. G., Hasenbring, M. I., & Kellmann, M. (2016) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.03.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The effect of regular exercise and massage on oxidant and antioxidant parameters.
Karabulut, A. B., Kafkas, M. E., Kafkas, A. Ş., Onal, Y., & Kıran, T. R. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Why Glucocorticosteroids Should Remain in the List of Prohibited Substances: A Sports Medicine Viewpoint
Pigozzi, F., Gianfrancesco, A. D., Zorzoli, M., Bachl, N., Donagh, D. M., Cummiskey, J. M., Luigi, L. D., Pitsiladis, Y. P., & Borrione, P. (2012) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/039463201202500103 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Adaptogens in Long-Lasting Brain Fatigue: An Insight from Systems Biology and Network Pharmacology
Panossian, A., Lemerond, T., & Efferth, T. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18020261 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Offspring of male rats exposed to binge alcohol exhibit heightened ethanol intake at infancy and alterations in T-maze performance
Hollander, J., McNivens, M., Pautassi, R. M., & Nizhnikov, M. E. (2018) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.07.013 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Identifying the Incidence of Exercise Dependence Attitudes, Levels of Body Perception, and Preferences for Use of Fitness Technology Monitoring
Bădău, D., & Bădău, A. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15122614 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
What can allostasis tell us about anabolic–androgenic steroid addiction?
Hildebrandt, T., Yehuda, R., & Alfano, L. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000393 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Adolescent athletes and suicide: A model for treatment and prevention
Edmonds, W. A., Craig, L. L., Christopher, R., Kennedy, T. D., & Mann, D. T. Y. (2021) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2021.101580 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Resp-BoostNet: Mental Stress Detection From Biomarkers Measurable by Smartwatches Using Boosting Neural Network Technique
Kumar, S., Chauhan, A. R., Akhil, Kumar, A., & Yang, G. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3461588 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Designing a low-cost real-time group heart rate monitoring system
Kofjač, D., Stojanovic, R. D., Koložvari, A., & Škraba, A. (2018) · Microprocessors and Microsystems · doi:10.1016/j.micpro.2018.08.010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes
Almási, G., Bosnyák, E., Móra, Á., Zsákai, A., Fehér, P., Annár, D., Nagy, N., Sziráki, Z., Kemper, H. C. G., & Szmodis, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179270 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The effect of probiotics and casein supplementation on aerobic capacity parameters of male soccer players
Imanian, B., Hemmatinafar, M., Daryanoosh, F., Koureshfard, N., Sadeghi, R., Niknam, A., Rezaei, R., & Qashqaei, A. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2024.2382165 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mind and Muscle:The Cognitive-Affective Neuroscience of Exercise
Stein, D. J., Collins, M., Daniels, W. M. U., Noakes, T. D., & Zigmond, M. J. (2007) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900020484 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
DetectStress: A Novel Stress Detection System Based on Smartphone and Wireless Physical Activity Tracker
Padmaja, B., Prasad, V. V. R., Sunitha, K. V. N., Reddy, N. C. S., & Anil, C. H. (2018) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1580-0_7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Carbohydrate supplementation delays DNA damage in elite runners during intensive microcycle training
de Sousa, M. V., Madsen, K., Fukui, R. T., Santos, A. S., & da Silva, M. E. R. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2000-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure Reduces Endothelial Dysfunction
Zembroń-Łacny, A., Tylutka, A., Wacka, E., Wawrzyniak-Gramacka, E., Hiczkiewicz, D., Kasperska, A., & Czuba, M. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/6479630 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Stress Assessment by Combining Neurophysiological Signals and Radio Communications of Air Traffic Controllers
Borghini, G., Bandini, A., Orlandi, S., Flumeri, G. D., Aricò, P., Sciaraffa, N., Ronca, V., Bonelli, S., Ragosta, M., Tomasello, P., et al. (2020) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175958 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Does High Volume of Exercise Training Increase Aseptic Vascular Inflammation in Male Athletes?
Zembroń-Łacny, A., Tylutka, A., Zeromska, A., Kasperska, A., & Wolny-Rokicka, E. I. (2019) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988319858838 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Recovery-Adaptation
Sands, W. A., Apostolopoulos, N. C., Kavanaugh, A. A., & Stone, M. H. (2016) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000260 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sporting bodies, societal norms in history
Cereda, F. (2023) · Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance · doi:10.55860/avzs3084 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Changes in the hormonal and inflammatory profile of young sprint- and endurance-trained athletes following a sports camp: a nonrandomized pretest-posttest study
Ostapiuk–Karolczuk, J., Kasperska, A., Dziewiecka, H., Cieślicka, M., Zawadka‐Kunikowska, M., & Zaleska-Posmyk, I. (2024) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-024-00924-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Efficacy of Adaptogenic Supplements on Adapting to Stress: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Hovhannisyan, A., & Nylander, M. (2015) · Journal of Athletic Enhancement · doi:10.4172/2324-9080.1000205 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Effect of Exercise on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
St-Pierre, D. H., & Richard, D. (2020) · Contemporary Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33376-8_3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Associations between Training Load and Well-Being in Elite Beach Soccer Players: A Case Report
Costa, J. A., Figueiredo, P., Prata, A., Reis, T., Reis, J. F., Nascimento, L., & Brito, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19106209 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Etiology of the common cold: Modulating factors
Doyle, W. J., & Cohen, S. (2009) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-9912-2_6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Salivary and Serum Concentrations of Cortisol and Testosterone at Rest and in Response to Intense Exercise in Boys Versus Men
Adebero, T., McKinlay, B. J., Theocharidis, A., Root, Z. T., Josse, A. R., Klentrou, P., & Falk, B. (2019) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.2019-0091 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The effects of mid- and long-term endurance exercise on heart angiogenesis and oxidative stress.
Ardakanizade, M. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.22038/ijbms.2018.27211.6814 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The role of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in inflammation
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Pituitary Function During Severe and Life-threatening Illnesses
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Authors: Angeli, A., Minetto, M., Dovio, A., & Paccotti, P.
Affiliations: Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga (IT)
Corresponding author: Minetto, M.
ORCID: Minetto, M.
Venue: Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2004-06
Volume: 27
Issue: 6
Pages: 603-612
ISSN: 0391-4097 (ISSN-L)
1720-8386
DOI: 10.1007/bf03347487
OpenAlex: W2073564445
Cited by: 169
References: 94
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 1.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Endocrinological Investigation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: overtraining syndrome, athletes, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, allostatic load, general adaptation syndrome, cytokines, immune dysfunction, exercise-induced inflammation, training stress, diagnostic criteria, performance impairment
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Physical Exertion, Fatigue, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Inflammation, Peptides, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Risk Factors, Sports, Stress, Psychological, Syndrome, Cytokines

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The overtraining syndrome in athletes: A stress-related disorder

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