Tumour Necrosis Factor Modulation for Treatment of Alzheimerʼs Disease: Rationale and Current Evidence

Tobinick, Edward

doi:10.2165/11310810-000000000-00000

Cited by 118Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

Tumour Necrosis Factor Modulation for Treatment of Alzheimerʼs Disease: Rationale and Current Evidence

Tobinick, Edward·2009·CNS Drugs

DOI 10.2165/11310810-000000000-00000

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), a key regulator of varied physiological mechanisms in multiple organ systems, is an immune signalling molecule produced by glia, neurons, macrophages and other immune cells. In the brain, among other functions, TNF serves as a gliotransmitter, secreted by glial cells that envelope and surround synapses, which regulates synaptic communication between neurons. The role of TNF as a gliotransmitter may help explain the profound synaptic effects of TNF that have been demonstrated in the hippocampus, in the spinal cord and in a variety of experimental models. Excess TNF is present in the CSF of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and has been implicated as a mediator of the synaptic dysfunction that is hypothesized to play a central role in the pathogenesis of AD. TNF may also play a role in endothelial and microvascular dysfunction in AD, and in amyloidogenesis and amyloid-induced memory dysfunction in AD. Genetic and epidemiological evidence has implicated increased TNF production as a risk factor for AD. Perispinal administration of etanercept, a potent anti-TNF fusion protein, produced sustained clinical improvement in a 6-month, open-label pilot study in patients with AD ranging from mild to severe. Subsequent case studies have documented rapid clinical improvement following perispinal etanercept in both AD and primary progressive aphasia, providing evidence of rapidly reversible, TNF-dependent, pathophysiological mechanisms in AD and related disorders. Perispinal etanercept for AD merits further study in randomized clinical trials.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2165/11310810-000000000-00000

Cites

116 of 116 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

TNF-α has two primary receptors: TNFR1, which is constitutively expressed throughout the brain, and TNFR2, which is inducible and primarily localized to glial and endothelial cells.
“TNF-α has two primary receptors, TNFR1 which is constitutively expressed throughout the brain and TNFR2 which is inducible and primarily localized to glial and endothelial cells [141].”
From Glial contributions to neurodegeneration in tauopathies (2017) · cites this paper as [141]

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
“Mini-mental state”
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282 · see citing works
Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS‐ADRDA Work Group* under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915 · see citing works
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x · Cited by 25,553 · see citing works
An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors
Carswell, E. A., Old, L. J., Kassel, R. L., Green, S., Fiore, N., & Williamson, B. (1975) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.72.9.3666 · Cited by 4,532 · see citing works
Alzheimer's Disease Is a Synaptic Failure
Selkoe, D. J. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1074069 · Cited by 4,420 · see citing works
The blood-brain barrier: Bottleneck in brain drug development
Pardridge, W. M. (2005) · NeuroRX · doi:10.1602/neurorx.2.1.3 · Cited by 2,798 · see citing works
Activity-dependent scaling of quantal amplitude in neocortical neurons
Turrigiano, G. G., Leslie, K. R., Desai, N. S., Rutherford, L. C., & Nelson, S. B. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/36103 · Cited by 2,226 · see citing works
Synapse Loss and Microglial Activation Precede Tangles in a P301S Tauopathy Mouse Model
Yoshiyama, Y., Higuchi, M., Zhang, B., Huang, S.-M., Iwata, N., Saido, T. C., Maeda, J., Suhara, T., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Lee, V. M.-Y. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.010 · Cited by 2,208 · see citing works
THE FUNCTION OF THE VERTEBRAL VEINS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE SPREAD OF METASTASES
Batson, O. V. (1940) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-194007000-00016 · Cited by 1,930 · see citing works
Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease.
Griffin, W. S., Stanley, L. C., Ling, C., White, L., MacLeod, V, Perrot, L. J., White, C. L., & Araoz, C. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.19.7611 · Cited by 1,777 · see citing works
Astrocytes, from brain glue to communication elements: the revolution continues
Volterra, A., & Meldolesi, J. (2005) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1722 · Cited by 1,763 · see citing works
Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-α
Stellwagen, D., & Malenka, R. C. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04671 · Cited by 1,715 · see citing works
Tumor necrosis factor antagonist mechanisms of action: A comprehensive review
Tracey, D. E., Klareskog, L., Sasso, E. H., Salfeld, J. G., & Tak, P. P. (2007) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.001 · Cited by 1,626 · see citing works
Neuron-to-astrocyte signaling is central to the dynamic control of brain microcirculation
Zonta, M., Angulo, M. C., Gobbo, S., Rosengarten, B., Hossmann, K.-A., Pozzan, T., & Carmignoto, G. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn980 · Cited by 1,446 · see citing works
Control of Synaptic Strength by Glial TNFα
Beattie, E. C., Stellwagen, D., Morishita, W., Bresnahan, J. C., Ha, B. K., Von Zastrow, M., Beattie, M. S., & Malenka, R. C. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1067859 · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
Pathological verification of ischemic score in differentiation of dementias
Rosen, W. G., Terry, R. D., Fuld, P. A., Katzman, R., & Peck, A. (1980) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410070516 · Cited by 1,273 · see citing works
Deciphering the Molecular Basis of Memory Failure in Alzheimer's Disease
Walsh, D. M., & Selkoe, D. J. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.010 · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
Astrocyte-mediated control of cerebral blood flow
Takano, T., Tian, G.-F., Peng, W., Lou, N., Libionka, W., Han, X., & Nedergaard, M. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1623 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
TNF neutralization in MS
The Lenercept Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and The University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.3.457 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
Differential Regulation of AMPA Receptor and GABA Receptor Trafficking by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
Stellwagen, D., Beattie, E. C., Seo, J. Y., & Malenka, R. C. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4486-04.2005 · Cited by 985 · see citing works
The tripartite synapse: roles for gliotransmission in health and disease
Halassa, M. M., Fellin, T., & Haydon, P. G. (2007) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.12.005 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Increased MRI activity and immune activation in two multiple sclerosis patients treated with the monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody cA2
van Oosten, B. W., Barkhof, F., Truyen, L., Boringa, J., Bertelsmann, F. W., Blomberg, B. M. E. V., Woody, J. N., Hartung, H., & Polman, C. H. (1996) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.47.6.1531 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
β-Amyloid Stimulation of Microglia and Monocytes Results in TNFα-Dependent Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Neuronal Apoptosis
Combs, C. K., Karlo, J. C., Kao, S.-C., & Landreth, G. E. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-04-01179.2001 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
The role of microglia and macrophages in the pathophysiology of the CNS
Stollg, G., & Jander, S. (1999) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00083-5 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by microglia and astrocytes in culture
Sawada, M., Kondo, N., Suzumura, A., & Marunouchi, T. (1989) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)90078-4 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
TNF defined as a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases
Feldmann, M., & Maini, R. N. (2003) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm939 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
“Inflammatory” Cytokines: Neuromodulators in Normal Brain?
Vitkovic, L., Bockaert, J., & Jacque, C. (2000) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740457.x · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Intrathecal inflammation precedes development of Alzheimer's disease
Tarkowski, E. (2003) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.9.1200 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Acute p38-Mediated Modulation of Tetrodotoxin-Resistant Sodium Channels in Mouse Sensory Neurons by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
Jin, X., & Gereau, R. W. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3858-05.2006 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by astrocytes. Induction by lipopolysaccharide, IFN-gamma, and IL-1 beta.
Chung, I. Y., & Benveniste, E. N. (1990) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.144.8.2999 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
The Ciba Collection of Medical Illustrations
(1955) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1955.02960040113036 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease: Aβ, tau and synaptic dysfunction
LaFerla, F. M., & Oddo, S. (2005) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2005.02.009 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Inflammatory markers and the risk of Alzheimer disease: The Framingham Study
Tan, Z. S., Beiser, A. S., Vasan, R. S., Roubenoff, R., Dinarello, C. A., Harris, T. B., Benjamin, E. J., Au, R., Kiel, D. P., Wolf, P. A., et al. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000263217.36439.da · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Actions of TNF‐α on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the central nervous system
Pickering, M., Cumiskey, D., & O'Connor, J. J. (2005) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2005.030734 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
TNFα potentiates glutamate neurotoxicity by inhibiting glutamate uptake in organotypic brain slice cultures: neuroprotection by NFκB inhibition
Zou, J., & Crews, F. T. (2005) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.014 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
The California Verbal Learning Test – second edition: Test-retest reliability, practice effects, and reliable change indices for the standard and alternate forms
WOODS, S., DELIS, D., SCOTT, J., KRAMER, J., & HOLDNACK, J. (2006) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2006.06.002 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Deletion of tumor necrosis factor death receptor inhibits amyloid β generation and prevents learning and memory deficits in Alzheimer's mice
He, P., Zhong, Z., Lindholm, K., Berning, L., Lee, W., Lemere, C., Staufenbiel, M., Li, R., & Shen, Y. (2007) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200705042 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Regulate Amyloid-β Plaque Deposition and β-Secretase Expression in Swedish Mutant APP Transgenic Mice
Yamamoto, M., Kiyota, T., Horiba, M., Buescher, J. L., Walsh, S. M., Gendelman, H. E., & Ikezu, T. (2007) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2007.060378 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
TNF neutralization in MS: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter study. The Lenercept Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and The University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group.
(1999) · PubMed · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Intracerebral Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, a Local Neuroprotective Agent, in Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia
Tarkowski, E., Blennow, K., Wallin, A., & Tarkowski, A. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1023/a:1020568013953 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Tumor necrosis factor alters synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices.
Tancredi, V., D'Arcangelo, G., Grassi, F., Tarroni, P., Palmieri, G., Santoni, A., & Eusebi, F. (1992) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(92)90071-e · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Astrocyte control of the cerebrovasculature
Gordon, G. R., Mulligan, S. J., & MacVicar, B. A. (2007) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20543 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Regulation of CNS synapses by neuronal MHC class I
Goddard, C. A., Butts, D. A., & Shatz, C. J. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0702023104 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Onset of multiple sclerosis associated with anti-TNF therapy
Sicotte, N. L., & Voskuhl, R. R. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.10.1885 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Severe Impairment Battery
Panisset, M. (1994) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1994.00540130067012 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Stimulation of Microglial Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor mGlu2 Triggers Tumor Necrosis Factor α-Induced Neurotoxicity in Concert with Microglial-Derived Fas Ligand
Taylor, D. L., Jones, F., Kubota, E. S. F. C. S., & Pocock, J. M. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4456-04.2005 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
The role of TNF and its receptors in Alzheimer's disease
Perry, R. (2001) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00291-3 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Connecting TNF-α Signaling Pathways to iNOS Expression in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Relevance for the Behavioral and Synaptic Deficits Induced by Amyloid β Protein
Medeiros, R., Prediger, R. D. S., Passos, G. F., Pandolfo, P., Duarte, F. S., Franco, J. L., Dafre, A. L., Di Giunta, G., Figueiredo, C. P., Takahashi, R. N., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5047-06.2007 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Letter and category fluency in patients with frontal lobe lesions.
Baldo, J. V., & Shimamura, A. P. (1998) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.12.2.259 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
TNFα plus IFNγ induce the production of Alzheimer β‐amyloid peptides and decrease the secretion of APPs
Blasko, I., Marx, F., Steiner, E., Hartmann, T., & Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. (1999) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.13.1.63 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
The vertebral vein system. Caldwell lecture, 1956.
Batson, O. V. (1957) · PubMed · Cited by 273 · see citing works
TNF-alpha modulation for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a 6-month pilot study.
Tobinick, E. L., Gross, H., Weinberger, A., & Cohen, H. (2006) · PubMed Central · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Self-citation
How TNF was recognized as a key mechanism of disease
Clark, I. (2007) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.04.002 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Rapid cognitive improvement in Alzheimer's disease following perispinal etanercept administration
Tobinick, E. L., & Gross, H. (2008) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-2 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citation
β-Amyloid-Stimulated Microglia Induce Neuron Death via Synergistic Stimulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor α and NMDA Receptors
Floden, A. M., Li, S., & Combs, C. K. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4998-04.2005 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
AMPA receptor downscaling at the onset of Alzheimer's disease pathology in double knockin mice
Chang, E. H., Savage, M. J., Flood, D. G., Thomas, J. M., Levy, R. B., Mahadomrongkul, V., Shirao, T., Aoki, C., & Huerta, P. T. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0507313103 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Chronic Neuron-Specific Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Expression Enhances the Local Inflammatory Environment Ultimately Leading to Neuronal Death in 3xTg-AD Mice
Janelsins, M. C., Mastrangelo, M. A., Park, K. M., Sudol, K. L., Narrow, W. C., Oddo, S., LaFerla, F. M., Callahan, L. M., Federoff, H. J., & Bowers, W. J. (2008) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2008.080528 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Letter and category fluency in patients with frontal lobe lesions.
Baldo, J. V., & Shimamura, A. P. (1998) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.12.2.259 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Vasculoprotective Effects of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Treatment in Aging
Csiszár, A., Labinskyy, N., Smith, K. E., Rivera, A., Orosz, Z. Z., & Ungvari, Z. I. (2007) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2007.060708 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Short test of semantic and phonological fluency: Normal performance, validity and test‐retest reliability
Harrison, J., Buxton, P., Masud Husain, B., & Wise, R. (2000) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466500163202 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Proinflammatory cytokines released from microglia inhibit gap junctions in astrocytes: potentiation by β‐amyloid
Même, W., Calvo, C., Froger, N., Ezan, P., Amigou, E., Koulakoff, A., & Giaume, C. (2006) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.05-4297fje · Cited by 202 · see citing works
The suboccipital cavernous sinus
Arnautović, K. I., Al‐Mefty, O., Pait, T. G., Krisht, A. F., & Husain, M. M. (1997) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1997.86.2.0252 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Anatomical and Pathological Considerations in Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty: A Reappraisal of the Vertebral Venous System
Groen, R. J. M., Toit, D. F. D., Phillips, F. M., Hoogland, P. V. J. M., Kuizenga, K., Coppes, M. H., Muller, C. J. F., Grobbelaar, M., & Mattysen, J. (2004) · Spine · doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000128758.64381.75 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Identification and characterization of receptors for tumor necrosis factor-α in the brain
Kinouchi, K., Brown, G. P., Pasternak, G. W., & Donner, D. B. (1991) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(91)92113-x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Two‐Photon Imaging of Astrocytic Ca2+ Signaling and the Microvasculature in Experimental Mice Models of Alzheimer's Disease
Takano, T., Han, X., Deane, R., Zloković, B. V., & Nedergaard, M. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1379.004 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The concept of long term potentiation of transmission at synapses
Bennett, M. R. (2000) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(99)00006-4 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Synaptic memory mechanisms: Alzheimer's disease amyloid β-peptide-induced dysfunction
Rowan, M. J., Klyubin, I. V., Wang, Q., Hu, N., & Anwyl, R. (2007) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0351219 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Glia: they make your memories stick!
Bains, J. S., & Oliet, S. H. R. (2007) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.007 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Glia as a Therapeutic Target: Selective Suppression of Human Amyloid-β-Induced Upregulation of Brain Proinflammatory Cytokine Production Attenuates Neurodegeneration
Ranaivo, H. R., Craft, J. M., Hu, W., Guo, L., Wing, L. K., Eldik, L. J. V., & Watterson, D. M. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4652-05.2006 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
β‐amyloid inhibition of long‐term potentiation is mediated via tumor necrosis factor
Wang, Q., Wu, J., Rowan, M. J., & Anwyl, R. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04457.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Role of IL-1 and TNF in the brain: Twenty years of progress on a Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde duality of the innate immune system
Gosselin, D., & Rivest, S. (2007) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.12.004 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Small Molecule, Non-Peptide p75NTR Ligands Inhibit Aβ-Induced Neurodegeneration and Synaptic Impairment
Yang, T., Knowles, J. K., Lu, Q., Zhang, H., Arancio, O., Moore, L. A., Chang, T., Wang, Q., Andreasson, K. I., Rajadas, J., et al. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003604 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Enhanced Prospects for Drug Delivery and Brain Targeting by the Choroid Plexus–CSF Route
Johanson, C. E., Duncan, J. A., Stopa, E. G., & Baird, A. (2005) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-005-6039-0 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Microvascular function is impaired in ankylosing spondylitis and improves after tumour necrosis factor α blockade
van Eijk, I. C., Peters, M. J. L., Serné, E. H., van der Horst-Bruinsma, I. E., Dijkmans, B. A. C., Smulders, Y. M., & Nurmohamed, M. T. (2008) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2007.086777 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Altered synaptic function in Alzheimer's disease
Bell, K. F. S., & Cuello, A. C. (2006) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.045 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Rapid improvement in verbal fluency and aphasia following perispinal etanercept in Alzheimer's disease
Tobinick, E. L., & Gross, H. (2008) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-8-27 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citation
The cerebrospinal venous system: anatomy, physiology, and clinical implications.
Tobinick, E. L., & Vega, C. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citation
Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier to Soluble Cytokine Receptors
Banks, W. A., Plotkin, S. R., & Kastin, A. J. (1995) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000096887 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale: Evaluation of Psychometric Properties and Patterns of Cognitive Decline in Multicenter Clinical Trials of Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease
Doraiswamy, P. M., Kaiser, L., Bieber, F., & Garman, R. L. (2001) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-200110000-00003 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
A Cross-Sectional Study of the Effects of Age, Education, and Gender on the Boston Naming Test
Zec, R. F., Burkett, N. R., Markwell, S. J., & Larsen, D. L. (2007) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040701220028 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Efficacy of etanercept delivered by perispinal administration for chronic back and/or neck disc-related pain: a study of clinical observations in 143 patients
Tobinick, E. L., & Davoodifar, S. (2004) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079903125004286 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citation
Restraining tumor necrosis factor-alpha by thalidomide prevents the Amyloid beta-induced impairment of recognition memory in mice
Alkam, T., Nitta, A., Mizoguchi, H., Saito, K., Seshima, M., Itoh, A., Yamada, K., & Nabeshima, T. (2007) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.12.014 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Tumor Necrosis Factor α and Interleukin 10 Promoter Region Polymorphisms and Risk of Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease
Ramos, E. M., Lin, M.-T., Larson, E. B., Maezawa, I., Tseng, L., Edwards, K. L., Schellenberg, G. D., Hansen, J. A., Kukull, W. A., & Jin, L. (2006) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.63.8.1165 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Network dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: does synaptic scaling drive disease progression?
Small, D. H. (2008) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2007.12.006 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Tumor necrosis factor-α−308A/G polymorphism is associated with age at onset of Alzheimer's disease
Lio, D., Annoni, G., Licastro, F., Crivello, A., Forte, G. I., Scola, L., Colonna‐Romano, G., Candore, G., Arosio, B., Galimberti, L., et al. (2006) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2006.01.015 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Diodrast Studies of the Vertebral and Cranial Venous Systems to Show Their Probable Role in Cerebral Metastases
Anderson, R. H. (1951) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1951.8.4.0411 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
TNF alpha affects the expression of GFAP and S100B: implications for Alzheimer’s disease
Edwards, M. M., & Robinson, S. R. (2006) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-006-0479-5 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Adalimumab-associated multiple sclerosis.
Grimaldi‐Bensouda, L., Mulleman, D., Valat, J., & Autret‐Leca, E. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Association between the TNFα‐308 A/G polymorphism and the onset‐age of Alzheimer disease
Álvarez, V., Mata, I. F., González, P., Lahoz, C., Martínez, C., Peña, J., Guisasola, L. M., & Coto, E. (2002) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.10515 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Perispinal TNF-alpha inhibition for discogenic pain
Tobinick, E. L., & Britschgi-Davoodifar, S. (2003) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2003.10163 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
Regional transport of TNF-α across the blood-brain barrier in young ICR and young and aged SAMP8 mice
Banks, W. A., Moinuddin, A., & Morley, J. E. (2001) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00220-2 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
TNF polymorphisms in Alzheimer disease and functional implications on CSF beta-amyloid levels
Laws, S. M., Perneczky, R., Wagenpfeil, S., Müller, U., Förstl, H., Martins, R. N., Kurz, A., & Riemenschneider, M. J. (2005) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.20180 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Exogenous tumor necrosis factor‐α rapidly alters synaptic and sensory transmission in the adult rat spinal cord dorsal horn
Youn, D., Wang, H., & Jeong, S. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.21726 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Development of a novel therapeutic suppressor of brain proinflammatory cytokine up-regulation that attenuates synaptic dysfunction and behavioral deficits
Hu, W., Ranaivo, H. R., Roy, S. M., Behanna, H. A., Wing, L. K., Munoz, L., Guo, L., Eldik, L. J. V., & Watterson, D. M. (2006) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.028 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Perispinal Etanercept for Treatment of Alzheimers Disease
Tobinick, E. L. (2007) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720507783018217 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exploring the Validity of the Comprehensive Trail Making Test
Smith, S. R., Servesco, A. M., Edwards, J. W., Rahban, R., Barazani, S., Nowinski, L. A., Little, J. A., Blazer, A. L., & Green, J. G. (2008) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040701399269 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Comprehensive Trail Making Test (CTMT)By Cecil R. Reynolds. Austin, Texas: PRO-ED, Inc., 2002
Moses, J. A. (2004) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.02.004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Perispinal etanercept for neuroinflammatory disorders
Tobinick, E. L. (2008) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2008.10.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citation
Epileptogenesis due to glia-mediated synaptic scaling
Savin, C., Triesch, J., & Meyer‐Hermann, M. (2008) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0387 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The killing of neurons by beta-amyloid peptides, prions, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Chiarini, A., Prà, I. D., Jf, W., & Armato, U. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cross‐national comparison and validation of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale: results from the European Harmonization Project for Instruments in Dementia (EURO‐HARPID)
Verhey, F. R. J., Houx, P. J., van Lang, N., Huppert, F. A., Stoppe, G., Saerens, J., Böhm, P., Vreese, L. P. D., Nordlund, A., Dedeyn, P. P., et al. (2004) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1035 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Multiple Sclerosis Onset during Etanercept Treatment
Gómez-Gallego, M., Meca-Lallana, J. E., & Fernández-Barreiro, A. (2007) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000109576 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Targeted etanercept for treatment-refractory pain due to bone metastasis: Two case reports
Tobinick, E. L. (2003) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(03)80219-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation
Endogenous DA-mediated feedback inhibition of DA neurons: Involvement of both D1- and D2-like receptors
Shi, W., Pun, C., Smith, P. L., & Bunney, B. S. (2000) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(200002)35:2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Die Venensysteme der menschlichen Wirbelsäule : Morphologie und funktionelle Bedeutung
Hj, C. (1961) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Rapid intracerebroventricular delivery of Cu-DOTA-etanercept after peripheral administration demonstrated by PET imaging
Tobinick, E. L., Chen, K., & Chen, X. S. (2009) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-28 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citation
Glutamate induces the expression and release of tumor necrosis factor-α in cultured hypothalamic cells
De, A., Krueger, J. M., & Simasko, S. M. (2005) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.06.044 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Perispinal etanercept produces rapid improvement in primary progressive aphasia: identification of a novel, rapidly reversible TNF-mediated pathophysiologic mechanism.
Tobinick, E. L. (2008) · PubMed Central · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mechanisms of Synaptic Homeostasis in Alzheimers Disease
Small, D. H. (2004) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205043480573 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Verbal Fluency Patterns in Two Subgroups of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease
Fisher, N., Tierney, M. C., Rourke, B. P., & Szalai, J. P. (2004) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040490507235 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Antibody-bound β-amyloid precursor protein stimulates the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by cortical neurons
Mbebi, C., de Aguilar, J. G., Sée, V., Dupuis, L., Frossard, N., Mercken, L., Pradier, L., Larmet, Y., & Loeffler, J. (2005) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2004.11.010 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Organization of the zona incerta in the macaque: An electron microscopic study
Ma, T. P., Johnson, J. C., & Hoskins, G. A. (1997) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199710)249:2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Blurred Vision as the only Symptom of a Positive Epidural Test Dose
Vallejo, M. C., Beaman, S. T., & Ramanathan, S. (2006) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000199174.30944.b4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cross-Validation of the Two- and Three-Subtest Short Forms of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised
Hilsabeck, R. C., Schrager, D. A., & Gouvier, W. D. (1999) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15324826an0604_8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
WITHDRAWN: PET Imaging Reveals that Etanercept Crosses the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid but not the Blood-Brain Barrier: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease.
McGeer, P. L., Tobinick, E. L., Kornelsen, R. A., McCormick, S., Ferreira, C. L., Lapi, S. E., & Ruth, T. J. (2009) · PubMed · doi:10.3233/jad-2009-1081 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from microglia in Alzheimer's disease.
(2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.03.49 · Cited by 1,288 · see citing works
Glial contributions to neurodegeneration in tauopathies
Leyns, C. E. G., & Holtzman, D. M. (2017) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-017-0192-x · Cited by 409 · see citing works
RETRACTED: Neuroinflammatory Markers: Key Indicators in the Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Rauf, A., Badoni, H., Abu-Izneid, T., Olatunde, A., Rahman, M., Painuli, S., Semwal, P., Wilairatana, P., & Mubarak, M. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27103194 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Retracted
Role of inflammatory molecules in the Alzheimer's disease progression and diagnosis
Bagyinszky, E., Giau, V. V., Shim, K., Suk, K., An, S. S. A., & Kim, S. (2017) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2017.03.031 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
TNFα in synaptic function: switching gears
Santello, M., & Volterra, A. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.06.001 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
The role of cytokines in modulating learning and memory and brain plasticity
Bourgognon, J.-M., & Cavanagh, J. (2020) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/2398212820979802 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Saturated fatty acids activate microglia via Toll-like receptor 4/NF-κB signalling
Wang, Z., Liu, D., Wang, F., Liu, S., Zhao, S., Ling, E.-A., & Hao, A. (2012) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511002868 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
The roles of TNF in brain dysfunction and disease
Clark, I. A., Alleva, L. M., & Vissel, B. (2010) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.08.007 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
The common inflammatory etiology of depression and cognitive impairment: a therapeutic target
Allison, D. J., & Ditor, D. S. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0151-1 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
TNFα Is Required for Late BRB Breakdown in Diabetic Retinopathy, and Its Inhibition Prevents Leukostasis and Protects Vessels and Neurons from Apoptosis
Hu, H., Gandhi, J. K., Zhong, X., Wei, Y., Gong, J., Duh, E. J., & Vinores, S. A. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-5768 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Tumor necrosis factor-α synthesis inhibitor 3,6′-dithiothalidomide attenuates markers of inflammation, Alzheimer pathology and behavioral deficits in animal models of neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Tweedie, D., Ferguson, R. A., Fishman, K., Frankola, K. A., van Praag, H., Holloway, H. W., Luo, W., Li, Y., Caracciolo, L., Russo, I., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-106 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Peripheral inflammation in prodromal Alzheimer’s and Lewy body dementias
King, E., O'Brien, J. T., Donaghy, P. C., Morris, C. M., Barnett, N. A., Olsen, K., Martin-Ruiz, C. M., Taylor, J., & Thomas, A. J. (2017) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2017-317134 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Astrocyte physiopathology: At the crossroads of intercellular networking, inflammation and cell death
Rossi, D. (2015) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.04.003 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α: reliable targets for protective therapies in Parkinson’s Disease?
Leal, M. C., Casabona, J. C., Puntel, M., & Pitossi, F. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00053 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Disrupted sleep without sleep curtailment induces sleepiness and cognitive dysfunction via the tumor necrosis factor-α pathway
Ramesh, V., Nair, D., Zhang, S. X. L., Hakim, F., Kaushal, N., Kayali, F. M., Wang, Y., Li, R. C., Carreras, A., & Gozal, D. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-91 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
<scp>APOE</scp>‐modulated Aβ‐induced neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: current landscape, novel data, and future perspective
Tai, L. M., Ghura, S., Koster, K. P., Liakaite, V., Maienschein‐Cline, M., Kanabar, P., Collins, N., Ben‐Aissa, M., Lei, A. Z., Bahroos, N., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13072 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Sodium butyrate ameliorates the impairment of synaptic plasticity by inhibiting the neuroinflammation in 5XFAD mice
Jiang, Y., Li, K., Li, X., Xu, L., & Yang, Z. (2021) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109452 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Reactive astrocytes give neurons less support: implications for Alzheimer's disease
Steele, M. L., & Robinson, S. R. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.018 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
A New Venue of TNF Targeting
Steeland, S., Libert, C., & Vandenbroucke, R. E. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19051442 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 affects early neuroinflammatory signalling in murine model of amyloid beta toxicity
Wilkaniec, A., Gąssowska-Dobrowolska, M., Strawski, M., Adamczyk, A., & Czapski, G. A. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-017-1027-y · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Selective TNF Inhibition for Chronic Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury
Tobinick, E. L., Kim, N. M., Reyzin, G., Rodriguez-Romanacce, H., & DePuy, V. (2012) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-012-0013-2 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citation
Targeting TNF: a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease
Cheng, X., Shen, Y., & Li, R. (2014) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2014.06.029 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Methemoglobin Is an Endogenous Toll-Like Receptor 4 Ligand—Relevance to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Kwon, M. C., Woo, S., Kurland, D. B., Yoon, S. H., Palmer, A. F., Banerjee, U., Iqbal, S., Ivanova, S., Gerzanich, V., & Simard, J. M. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms16035028 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Counteracting the effects of TNF receptor‐1 has therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease
Steeland, S., Gorlé, N., Vandendriessche, C., Balusu, S., Brkić, M., Cauwenberghe, C. V., Imschoot, G. V., Wonterghem, E. V., Rycke, R. M. D., Kremer, A., et al. (2018) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.201708300 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Blood–Brain Barrier Penetrating Biologic TNF-α Inhibitor for Alzheimer’s Disease
Chang, R., Knox, J., Chang, J. H., Derbedrossian, A., Vasilevko, V., Cribbs, D. H., Boado, R. J., Pardridge, W. M., & Sumbria, R. K. (2017) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00200 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Selective TNF Inhibition for Chronic Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury: An Observational Study Involving 629 Consecutive Patients Treated with Perispinal Etanercept
Page, S. J. (2013) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0057-y · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease: Emerging Roles in Calcium Dysregulation and Synaptic Plasticity
Vincent, A. J., Gasperini, R., Foa, L. C., & Small, D. H. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-101089 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Inflammation, Cytokines, Immune Response, Apolipoprotein E, Cholesterol, and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer Disease: Therapeutic Implications
Candore, G., Bulati, M., Caruso, C., Castiglia, L., Colonna‐Romano, G., Bona, D. D., Duro, G., Lio, D., Matranga, D., Pellicanò, M., et al. (2010) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2009.0993 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
MiR-124 and the Underlying Therapeutic Promise of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Han, D., Dong, X., Zheng, D., & Nao, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01555 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Exploring Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease
Sharma, N. (2016) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2016/18828.8166 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Glyphosate infiltrates the brain and increases pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα: implications for neurodegenerative disorders
Winstone, J. K., Pathak, K. V., Winslow, W., Piras, I. S., White, J., Sharma, R., Huentelman, M. J., Pirrotte, P., & Velázquez, R. (2022) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02544-5 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Peripheral Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) Modulates Amyloid Pathology by Regulating Blood-Derived Immune Cells and Glial Response in the Brain of AD/TNF Transgenic Mice
Paouri, E., Tzara, O., Kartalou, G.-I., Zenelak, S., & Georgopoulos, S. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2484-16.2017 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Neuroinflammatory Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Uddin, M. S., Kabir, M. T., Jalouli, M., Rahman, M. A., Jeandet, P., Behl, T., Alexiou, A. T., Albadrani, G. M., Abdel‐Daim, M. M., Perveen, A., et al. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666210826130210 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The potential role of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis
Azizi, G., & Mirshafiey, A. (2012) · Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology · doi:10.3109/08923973.2012.705292 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Linking cardiometabolic disorders to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease: a perspective on potential mechanisms and mediators
Bhat, N. R. (2010) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06978.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
How strong is the relationship between glaucoma, the retinal nerve fibre layer, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis?
Jones-Odeh, E., & Hammond, C. J. (2015) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.2015.158 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Laser-captured microglia in the Alzheimer's and Parkinson's brain reveal unique regional expression profiles and suggest a potential role for hepatitis B in the Alzheimer's brain
Mastroeni, D., Nolz, J., Sekar, S., Delvaux, E., Serrano, G. E., Cuyugan, L., Liang, W. S., Beach, T. G., Rogers, J., & Coleman, P. D. (2017) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.10.019 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Perispinal etanercept: a new therapeutic paradigm in neurology
Tobinick, E. L. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.52 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Alzheimer’s Disease: Exploring the Role of Inflammation and Implications for Treatment
McCaulley, M. E., & Grush, K. A. (2015) · International Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1155/2015/515248 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Formulated Chinese medicine Shaoyao Gancao Tang reduces NLRP1 and NLRP3 in Alzheimer’s disease cell and mouse models for neuroprotection and cognitive improvement
Chiu, Y., Lin, C., Lee, M.-C., Hsieh‐Li, H. M., Chen, C., Wu, Y., Chang, K., & Lee‐Chen, G. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.203125 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Prevention of the β-amyloid peptide-induced inflammatory process by inhibition of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase in primary murine mixed co-cultures
Couturier, J., Paccalin, M., Morel, M., Terro, F., Milin, S., Pontcharraud, R., Fauconneau, B., & Page, G. (2011) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-72 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Genetic Deletion of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Attenuates Amyloid-β Production and Decreases Amyloid Plaque Formation and Glial Response in the 5XFAD Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Paouri, E., Tzara, O., Zenelak, S., & Georgopoulos, S. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170065 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Rapid Improvement of Chronic Stroke Deficits after Perispinal Etanercept
Tobinick, E. L. (2011) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11588400-000000000-00000 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
Genotype–phenotype interactions in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea
Gozal, D., & Gozal, D. (2013) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2013.03.016 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The majority of infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis lesions is insensitive to enhanced PD‐L1 levels on CNS cells
Pittet, C. L., Newcombe, J., Antel, J. P., & Arbour, N. (2011) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21158 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Astrocyte signaling and neurodegeneration
Brambilla, L., Martorana, F., & Rossi, D. (2013) · Prion · doi:10.4161/pri.22512 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s Disease: An Overview of Major Hypotheses and Therapeutic Options in Nanotechnology
Agarwal, M., Alam, R., Haider, M. K., Malik, M. Z., & Kim, D.-K. (2020) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano11010059 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Synergistic Actions of Microglia and Astrocytes in the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease
Bouvier, D. S., & Murai, K. K. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-143156 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Immediate Neurological Recovery Following Perispinal Etanercept Years After Brain Injury
Tobinick, E. L., Rodriguez-Romanacce, H., Levine, A., Ignatowski, T. A., & Spengler, R. N. (2014) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40261-014-0186-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognitive impairment in elderly patients with rheumatic disease and the effect of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
Sood, A., & Raji, M. A. (2020) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05372-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Magnesium Ions Inhibit the Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor α and the Activity of γ-Secretase in a β-Amyloid Protein-Dependent Mechanism in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice
Yu, X., Guan, P.-P., Zhu, D., Liang, Y.-Y., Wang, T., Wang, Z., & Wang, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00172 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Therapeutic implications of how TNF links apolipoprotein E, phosphorylated tau, α‐synuclein, amyloid‐β and insulin resistance in neurodegenerative diseases
Clark, I. A., & Vissel, B. (2018) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.14471 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Inflammation: A Major Target for Compounds to Control Alzheimer’s Disease
Maccioni, R. B., Navarrete, L. P., González, A., González-Canacer, A., Guzmán‐Martínez, L., & Cortés, N. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-191014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Perispinal Etanercept for Post-Stroke Neurological and Cognitive Dysfunction: Scientific Rationale and Current Evidence
Ignatowski, T. A., Spengler, R. N., Dhandapani, K. M., Folkersma, H., Butterworth, R. F., & Tobinick, E. L. (2014) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0174-2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of vitamin E on neurodegenerative diseases: an update
İçer, M. A., Arslan, N., & Karadağ, M. G. (2021) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.21307/ane-2021-003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Vaccination against Alzheimer disease
Fettelschoss‐Gabriel, A., Zabel, F., & Bachmann, M. F. (2014) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.28183 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Unique Contribution of Haptoglobin and Haptoglobin Genotype in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Blackburn, S., Kumar, P. T., McBride, D. W., Zeineddine, H. A., Leclerc, J. L., Choi, H. A., Dash, P. K., Grotta, J. C., Aronowski, J. A., Cardenas, J. C., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00592 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Nanotechnology approaches for enhanced CNS delivery in treating Alzheimer's disease
Arya, M. A., Kumar, M. K. M., Sabitha, M., Menon, K. N., & Nair, S. C. (2019) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2019.03.022 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Potential Immunotargets for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment Strategies
Fernández, P. L., Britton, G. B., & Rao, K. S. J. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-121222 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Deciphering the Physiology Underlying the Rapid Clinical Effects of Perispinal Etanercept in Alzheimers Disease
Tobinick, E. L. (2012) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720512799015073 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Perispinal Delivery of CNS Drugs
Tobinick, E. L. (2016) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0339-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Regulation and effects of neurotrophic factors after neural stem cell transplantation in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease
Li, B., Gao, Y., Zhang, W., & Xu, J. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24187 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Cross-Talk Between Neurons and Astrocytes in Response to Bilirubin: Early Beneficial Effects
Falcão, A. S., Silva, R. F. M., Vaz, A. R., Silva, S. L., Fernandes, A. M. A., & Brites, D. M. T. O. (2013) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0963-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimers Disease
Nagae, T., & Araki, K. (2016) · Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology · doi:10.4172/2155-9899.1000441 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Myristica fragrans seed extract reverses scopolamine-induced cortical injury via stimulation of HO-1 expression in male rats
Al‐Quraishy, S., Dkhil, M. A., Abdel‐Gaber, R., Zrieq, R. M., Hafez, T. A., Mubaraki, M. A., & Moneim, A. E. A. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-07686-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mannose-Binding Lectin Binds to Amyloid Protein and Modulates Inflammation
Larvie, M., Shoup, T. M., Chang, W., Chigweshe, L., Hartshorn, K. L., White, M. R., Stahl, G. L., Elmaleh, D. R., & Takahashi, K. (2012) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2012/929803 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A new Alzheimer's disease cell model using B cells to induce beta amyloid plaque formation and increase TNF alpha expression
Dezfulian, M. (2018) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.012 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Implications of Gliotransmission for the Pharmacotherapy of CNS Disorders
Rossi, D., Martorana, F., & Brambilla, L. (2011) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11593090-000000000-00000 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Multi-Target Drug M30 Shows Pro-Cognitive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in a Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Pimentel, L. S. B., Allard, S. T. M., Carmo, S. D., Weinreb, O., Danik, M., Hanzel, C. E., Youdim, M. B. H., & Cuello, A. C. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-143126 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The functional tumor necrosis factor-α (308A/G) polymorphism modulates attentional selection in elderly individuals
Gajewski, P. D., Hengstler, J. G., Golka, K., Falkenstein, M., & Beste, C. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.017 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Association between high levels of inflammatory markers and cognitive outcomes at 4 years of age: The Rhea mother-child cohort study, Crete, Greece
Kyriklaki, A., Margetaki, K., Kampouri, M., Koutra, K., Bitsios, P., Chalkiadaki, G., Dermitzaki, E., Venihaki, M., Sarri, K. O., Anousaki, D., et al. (2019) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2019.01.010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Proteome Changes Correlating with β-Amyloid Accumulation
Völgyi, K., Háden, K., Kis, V., Gulyássy, P., Badics, K., Györffy, B. A., Simor, A., Szabó, Z., Janáky, T., Drahos, L., et al. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-015-9682-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Inhibition of Pro-Inflammatory Microglia with Minocycline Improves Cognitive and Sleep-Wake Dysfunction Under Respiratory Stress in a Sporadic Model for Alzheimer’s Disease
Vicente, M. C., Paneghini, J. D. L., Stabile, A. M., Amorim, M. R., Silva, C. E. A., Patrone, L. G. A., Cunha, T. M., Bícego, K. C., Almeida, M. C., Carrettiero, D. C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230151 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
As a Potential Therapeutic Target, C1q Induces Synapse Loss Via Inflammasome-activating Apoptotic and Mitochondria Impairment Mechanisms in Alzheimer’s Disease
Guan, P.-P., Ge, T.-Q., & Wang, P. (2023) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-023-10076-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Suppressed microglial E prostanoid receptor 1 signaling selectively reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 secretion from toll‐like receptor 3 activation
Li, X., Cudaback, E., Keene, C. D., BREYER, R. M., & Montine, T. J. (2011) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21125 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Action of anti-TNF-α drugs on the progression of Alzheimer's disease: A case report
Camargo, C. H. F., Justus, F. F., Retzlaff, G., Blood, M. R. Y., & Schafranski, M. D. (2015) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/1980-57642015dn92000015 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A 3′UTR modification of the TNF-α mouse gene increases peripheral TNF-α and modulates the Alzheimer-like phenotype in 5XFAD mice
Kalovyrna, N., Apokotou, O., Boulekou, S., Paouri, E., Boutou, A., & Georgopoulos, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65378-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Combining Select Neuropsychological Assessment with Blood-Based Biomarkers to Detect Mild Alzheimer's Disease: A Molecular Neuropsychology Approach
Edwards, M., Balldin, V. H., Hall, J. R., & O’Bryant, S. E. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-140852 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
TNF and Leptin Tell Essentially the Same Story in Alzheimer's Disease
Clark, I. A., Alleva, L. M., & Vissel, B. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-110266 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Choroid plexus tumor necrosis factor receptor 1: a new neuroinflammatory piece of the complex Alzheimer’s disease puzzle
Steeland, S., & Vandenbroucke, R. E. (2019) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.247443 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Characterization of inflammatory biomarkers and candidates for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
Bagyinszky, E., Youn, Y. C., An, S. S. A., & Kim, S. (2014) · BioChip Journal · doi:10.1007/s13206-014-8301-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Systemic Neuroprotection by Chlorogenic Acid: Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Evaluation in Early Neurodegeneration Induced by 3-Nitropropionic Acid in Mice
Cantero-Téllez, A., Moreno‐Fierros, L., Gutiérrez‐Ospina, G., Santiago-Prieto, A. C., Juárez, I., Rodríguez‐Sosa, M., & Hernández, E. (2025) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-025-04356-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Human Leukocyte Antigen Class III Haplotype Approach: New Insight in Alzheimer's Disease Inflammation Hypothesis
Maggioli, E., Boiocchi, C., Zorzetto, M., Sinforiani, E., Cereda, C., Ricevuti, G., & Cuccia, M. (2013) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/15672050113106660169 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Blood‐based protein predictors of dementia severity as measured by δ: Replication across biofluids and cohorts
Royall, D. R., Bishnoi, R. J., Palmer, R. F., Initiative, A. D. N., Pavlik, V., Massman, P., Darby, E. J., Rodriguear, M., Ansari, A. K., DeToledo, J. C., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2019.09.002 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Authors’ Reply to Whitlock: Perispinal Etanercept for Post-Stroke Neurological and Cognitive Dysfunction: Scientific Rationale and Current Evidence
Ignatowski, T. A., Spengler, R. N., & Tobinick, E. L. (2014) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0212-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
In Silico Identification of a Potential TNF-Alpha Binder Using a Structural Similarity: A Potential Drug Repurposing Approach to the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease
Tettevi, E. J., Kuevi, D. N. O., Sumabe, B. K., Simpong, D. L., Maina, M. B., Dongdem, J. T., Osei-Atweneboana, M. Y., & Ocloo, A. (2024) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2024/9985719 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Isoflurane has no effect on cognitive or behavioral performance in a mouse model of early-stage Alzheimer’s disease
Borgstedt, L., Bratke, S., Blobner, M., Pötzl, C., Ulm, B., Jungwirth, B., & Schmid, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1033729 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Exploring the therapeutic mechanism of Banxia Xiexin Decoction in mild cognitive impairment and diabetes mellitus: a network pharmacology approach
Li, C., Yang, W., Meng, Y., Feng, L., Sun, L., Li, Z., Liu, X., & Li, M. (2023) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-023-01270-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Aspirin ameliorates the neurotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene in mice and HT22 cells: Possible role of miRNA-mRNA network
Zhang, J., Li, Y., Li, Y., Li, H., Cao, J., Li, X., Xia, N., Zhang, Z., Bai, J., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2023.113919 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Brain Abscesses Complicating Acute Pneumococcal Meningitis During Etanercept Therapy
Kasirye, Y., Epperla, N., Manne, J. R. R., Bapani, S., & Garcia-Montilla, R. J. (2012) · Clinical Medicine & Research · doi:10.3121/cmr.2012.1049 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ratanasampil (Tibetan Medicine, RNSP) Reduces β-Amyloid Protein (Aβ) and Pro-Inflammatory Factor Levels and Improves Cognitive Functions in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Patients Living at High Altitude
Zhu, A., Xi, A., Li, G., Li, Y., Liao, B., Zhong, X., Zhou, J., Gu, S., Yu, M., & Yide, C. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2012.21009 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Brain Delivery of Antibody-Derived Biologicals for Alzheimer’s Disease: An Updated Narrative Review
Sumbria, R. K., & Boado, R. J. (2026) · Antibodies · doi:10.3390/antib15020037 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nitric oxide signaling in Alzheimer's disease: A double-edged sword
Wasim, R. (2026) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2026.178986 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Immuno-Nanotherapeutics Approach for the Treatment and Management of Alzheimer’s Disease
Bukhary, D. M. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.3923/ijp.2024.1365.1380 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sleep-related breathing disorders
Shaw, P. J., Tafti, M., & Thorpy, M. J. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139649469.030 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Association between Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitor Use and Dementia Risk in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Chung, D., Noh, Y., Yu, Y. M., & Ah, Y. (2025) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000544123 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Interaction between Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to High-Fructose Corn Syrup Increases Gene Expression of Tnfa in Hippocampus of Offspring
Yamazaki, M., YAMADA, H., Munetsuna, E., Ando, Y., Kageyama, I., Sadamoto, N., Nouchi, Y., Teshigawara, A., Mizuno, G., Ishikawa, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.69.237 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Perispinal etanercept stroke trial design: PESTO and beyond
Tobinick, E. L., Ucci, D., Bermudo, K., & Asseraf, S. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1080/14712598.2024.2390636 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
In Search of Therapeutic Solutions for Alzheimer’s Disease
Ricardo, B., Faras, G., Leonel, E. C. R., & Jos, M. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/34561 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - potential target for neuroprotector dimebon
Alessenko, A. V., Бачурин, С. О., Владимировна, Г. С., Karatasso, Y. O., Shevtsova, E. F., & Shingarova, L. N. (2016) · Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya · doi:10.18097/pbmc20166204418 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Rapid cognitive improvement in Alzheimer's disease following perispinal etanercept administration
Tobinick, E. L., & Gross, H. (2008) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-2 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citation
Perispinal etanercept: Potential as an Alzheimer therapeutic
Griffin, W. S. T. (2008) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-3 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Perispinal Etanercept for Treatment of Alzheimers Disease
Tobinick, E. L. (2007) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720507783018217 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Perispinal etanercept for neuroinflammatory disorders
Tobinick, E. L. (2008) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2008.10.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citation
Journal of Neuroinflammation BioMed Central Commentary Perispinal etanercept: Potential as an Alzheimer therapeutic
Sue, W., & Griffin, T. (2008)

Authors: Tobinick, E.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Tobinick, Edward
ORCID: Tobinick, Edward
Venue: CNS Drugs
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-09
Volume: 23
Issue: 9
Pages: 713-725
ISSN: 1172-7047 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2165/11310810-000000000-00000
OpenAlex: W2053730308
Cited by: 117
References: 115
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 1.10
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: CNS Drugs (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords: TNF-α, Alzheimer's disease, etanercept, anti-TNF therapy, gliotransmitters, synaptic dysfunction, amyloidogenesis, microvascular dysfunction, primary progressive aphasia
MeSH terms: Etanercept, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Synaptic Transmission, Risk Factors, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Drug Delivery Systems, Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Tumour Necrosis Factor Modulation for Treatment of Alzheimerʼs Disease: Rationale and Current Evidence

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks