The blood-brain barrier: Bottleneck in brain drug development
Open accessAbstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by the brain capillary endothelium and excludes from the brain approximately 100% of large-molecule neurotherapeutics and more than 98% of all small-molecule drugs. Despite the importance of the BBB to the neurotherapeutics mission, the BBB receives insufficient attention in either academic neuroscience or industry programs. The combination of so little effort in developing solutions to the BBB problem, and the minimal BBB transport of the majority of all potential CNS drugs, leads predictably to the present situation in neurotherapeutics, which is that there are few effective treatments for the majority of CNS disorders. This situation can be reversed by an accelerated effort to develop a knowledge base in the fundamental transport properties of the BBB, and the molecular and cellular biology of the brain capillary endothelium. This provides the platform for CNS drug delivery programs, which should be developed in parallel with traditional CNS drug discovery efforts in the molecular neurosciences.
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The blood-brain barrier prevents approximately 98% of small molecule drugs and approximately 100% of large molecule drugs from entering the brain.
“prevents approximately 98% of small molecule drugs and approximately 100% of large molecule drugs from entering the brain.28”
From Predictive High-Throughput Platform for Dual Screening of mRNA Lipid Nanoparticle Blood–Brain Barrier Transfection and Crossing (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Crossing the BBB is a challenging process for ∼98% of all small molecules.
“However, fluorescing carbon nanodots might be problematic, since crossing the BBB is a challenging process for ∼98% of all small molecules”
From Human Brain/Cloud Interface (2019) · cites this paper as Pardridge, 2005
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- Authors
- Pardridge, W. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pardridge, William M.
- Venue
- NeuroRX
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-14
- ISSN
- 1545-5343 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC539316
- OpenAlex
- W2101099825
- Cited by
- 2,798
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 222 · 2025: 237 · 2024: 199 · 2023: 222 · 2022: 233 · 2021: 188 · 2020: 211 · 2019: 174 · 2018: 173 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 138 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 88 · 2012: 81
- FWCI
- 2.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- NeuroRx (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 34698, R01NS034698)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- blood-brain barrier, brain capillary endothelium, brain drug delivery, neurotherapeutics, large molecule drugs, small molecule drugs, CNS drug discovery
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Carrier Proteins, Central Nervous System Agents, Humans, Hydrogen Bonding, Molecular Weight, Drug Design, Drug Delivery Systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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