Perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate in South African river water
Abstract
This study examined the prevalence of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in river water samples (n = 56) and suspended solids (n = 5) from three major Western Cape rivers, in South Africa. Solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using an analytical method developed in ISO 25101 (2009), PFOS and PFOA concentration in river water and in suspended solids from the rivers was investigated and quantified. From the results, PFOA and PFOS were detected in all the river water samples and were found in concentrations up to 314 and 182 ng/L for Diep River; 390 and 47 ng/L for Salt River; and 146 and 23 ng/L for Eerste River, respectively. In suspended solids, concentrations for PFOS and PFOA were 28 and 26 ng/g for Diep River; 16 and less than limit of detection for Eerste River; and 14 and 5 ng/g for Salt River, respectively. Some of these concentrations are higher than those previously reported in similar studies in various countries, and this suggests there is a cause for concern, in the Western Cape, South Africa, particularly in catchments where river and ground water is drawn for agricultural purposes in the province.
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10-fold higher concentrations of PFOS were observed in Eerste River, Diep River and Salt River in South Africa in 2011 compared to other studies.
“10-fold higher concentrations of PFOS were observed in Eerste River, Diep River and Salt River in South Africa in 2011 in the study by Mudumbi et al. (2014) compared to other studies due to point sources.”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Mudumbi et al., 2014
Cites
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Poly and perfluorinated carboxylates in North American precipitation
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Podder, A., Sadmani, A. H. M. A., Reinhart, D., Chang, N.-B., & Goel, R. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126361 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Sharma, B. M., Bharat, G. K., Tayal, S., Larssen, T., Bečanová, J., Karásková, P., Whitehead, P. G., Futter, M. N., Butterfield, D., & Nizzetto, L. (2016) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.050 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mudumbi, J. B. N., Ntwampe, S. K. O., Muganza, F. M., & Okonkwo, J. O.
- Affiliations
- Cape Peninsula University of Technology (ZA)
- Tshwane University of Technology (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Mudumbi, J. B. N.
- Venue
- Water Science and Technology
- Publisher
- IWA Publishing
- Published
- 2013-10-17
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 185-194
- ISSN
- 0273-1223 (ISSN-L)
- 1996-9732
- OpenAlex
- W2334063836
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Water Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Keywords
- perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, perfluorinated compounds, river pollution, suspended solids, Salt River, agricultural groundwater use
- MeSH terms
- Caprylates, Chromatography, Liquid, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, South Africa, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Rivers, Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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