Poly and perfluorinated carboxylates in North American precipitation
Abstract
Although perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) have been detected in a number of environmental matrices, there are very few reports on concentrations in precipitation. In this study PFCAs, fluorotelomercarboxylates (FTCAs), and fluorotelomer-unsaturated carboxylates (FTUCAs), were determined in wet only precipitation samples from nine sites in North America. The analytical method involved derivatization of the carboxylates and measurement of the 2,4-difluoroanilide by GC-MS. Samples from three remote sites in Canada had low concentrations of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) (<0.1-6.1 ng/L). Significantly higher concentrations of PFOA were found at 4 northeastern United States and 2 southern urban Canadian sites, with Delaware having the highest levels (85 ng/L PFOA, with a range of 0.6-89 ng/L) and a maximum flux of 13 000 ng/m2. 8:2- and 10:2 FTCAs and FTUCAs were detected at all 4 U.S. sites and 2 urban Canadian sites (<0.07-8.6 ng/L), most frequently at the Delaware site. Longer chained PFCAs (deca-, undeca-, and dodeca-perfluorocarboxylates) were detected (<0.07-5.2 ng/L) at 2 urban Ontario sites but not determined in other samples. Air mass back trajectory results for 3 U.S. sites indicate highly populated urban areas in the New York to Washington corridor as the main sources of PFOA, although low PFOA levels associated with air masses coming off the Atlantic Ocean imply multiple sources.
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In studies in Minnesota River, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Mississippi River basin, Missouri River basin, and Cape Fear River basin the PFHpA/PFOA ratios were all higher than 1.
“However, in the studies by Bai and Son. (2021), (Nakayama et al., 2007), Scott et al. (2006), and (Sun et al., 2016) in Minnesota River, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Mississippi River basin, Missouri River basin, and Cape Fear River basin the ratios were all higher than 1.”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Scott et al., 2006
Scott et al. (2006) confirmed that higher ratios of PFHpA/PFOA were measured in samples from semi-urban and rural areas compared to urban areas with industrial and municipal developments.
“Scott et al. (2006) confirmed this hypothesis in their study, where spatial difference of PFAS were observed and higher ratios of PFHpA/PFOA were measured in the samples collected from semi-urban and rural areas compared to urban areas with industrial and municipal developments.”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Scott et al., 2006
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- Authors
- Scott, B. F., Spencer, C., Mabury, S. A., & Muir, D. C. G.
- Affiliations
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Scott, Brian F.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2006-10-25
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 7167-7174
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W1976665393
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 17.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- perfluorocarboxylates, perfluorooctanoic acid, wet deposition, precipitation chemistry, atmospheric transport, air mass back trajectories, North America
- MeSH terms
- Air Movements, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Geography, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, North America, Rain
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