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Cited by 94Homelessness and Social IssuesUrban and Rural Development ChallengesCardiovascular Health and Risk Factors

Cardiovascular disease risk among the poor and homeless—what we know so far

Open access
Jones, Charlotte, Perera, Arjuna, Chow, Michelle, Ho, Ivan, Nguyen, John, Davachi, Shahnaz·2009·Current Cardiology Reviews
DOI 10.2174/157340309787048086PMC PMC2803292
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Abstract

Homelessness [and poverty] is rapidly escalating across North America and is associated with dire implications for public health and our health care systems. Both are compelling states of existence affecting all ages, ethnicities and both genders. Homelessness frequently evolves through a complex interaction of factors that are both internal and external to the individual themselves. Once homeless, equitable access to both preventative and remedial health care is lacking and is associated with a higher than average burden of cardiovascular disease [CVD] risk factors, morbidity and mortality and is accompanied by disproportionately high health care costs. The emergence of limited, small scale programs aimed at addressing the unique health and social needs of the homeless is encouraging. However, there has been inadequate commitment at the National, State or Provincial and local levels to implement policies and dedicate funding and resources to the expansion of such "individual level" interventions into comprehensive programs that deliver sustainable, integrated prevention and services, especially with regard to CVD. The long-term solutions that address the links between homelessness and CVD lie in preventing homelessness and reversing the trends in our health care system that create disparities for lower socioeconomic status [SES] and homeless individuals.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.2174/157340309787048086

Cites

96 of 96 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • In Europe and Canada, homeless people have lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia than the general population.

    “In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”

    From The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations (2014) · cites this paper as [81]

    In the section on homelessness and cardiovascular mortality (page unavailable), a Toronto study found that elevated body mass index was not more prevalent among homeless adults than in a matched Canadian population. That does not establish a lower obesity rate. The section provides no Europe-wide comparison or evidence of lower hyperlipidaemia rates; it says the direction of differences in most traditional risk factors remains unclear. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In Europe and Canada, homeless people have diabetes and hypertension rates similar to the general population.

    “In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”

    From The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations (2014) · cites this paper as [81]

    In “Impact of Homelessness Upon All Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality” (page unavailable), the review reports that diabetes and hypertension were not more prevalent in a Toronto homeless cohort than in an age- and sex-matched Canadian general population. It does not establish the same comparison for homeless people in Europe, so the European part is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In Europe and Canada, homeless people smoke more than the general population.

    “In Europe and Canada, compared with the general population, homeless people have higher rates of smoking, lower rates of obesity and hyperlipidaemia, and similar rates of diabetes and hypertension77-81 (table 3).”

    From The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations (2014) · cites this paper as [81]

    The section “Impact of Homelessness Upon All Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality” (page unavailable) reports that smoking rates in a Toronto homeless sample were two to three times those of an age- and sex-matched Canadian general population. It does not provide a corresponding comparison for Europe, so the European part of the claim is unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 98 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. [41]41. Stewart AW, Kuulasmaa K, Beaglehole R, et al. Ecological analysis of the association between mortality and major risk factors of cardiovascular disease: the World Health Organization MONICA project. Int J Epidemiol 1994; 23: 505-516.
  2. [42]42. Rehm J, Sempos CT, Trevisan M. Average volume of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking and risk of coronary artery disease -a review. J Cardiovasc Risk 2003; 10: 15-20.
  3. [67]67. Whitney N, Glazier R. Factors affecting medication adherence among the homeless: a qualitative study of patients' perspectives. University of Toronto. Med J 2004; 82: 6-9.
  4. [84]84. Blanchard J, Lurie N. RESPECT: Patient reports of disrespect in the health care setting and its impact on care. J Fam Practice 2004; 53: 721-730

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Related

Authors
Jones, C., Perera, A., Chow, M., Ho, I., Nguyen, J., & Davachi, S.
Affiliations
  • University of Calgary (CA)
  • Calgary General Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author
Davachi, Shahnaz
ORCID
Venue
Current Cardiology Reviews
Publisher
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Published
2009-01-01
Volume
5
Issue
1
Pages
69-77
ISSN
1573-403X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2174/157340309787048086
PMC
PMC2803292
OpenAlex
W2117584895
Cited by
94
References
98
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
FWCI
4.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Current Cardiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Homelessness and Social Issues
  • Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Keywords
homelessness, poverty, cardiovascular risk, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, health care access, health care costs, socioeconomic disparities, homelessness prevention, integrated prevention programs, health policy funding

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