Diversity of the human skin microbiome early in life
Open accessAbstract
Within days after birth, rapid surface colonization of infant skin coincides with significant functional changes. Gradual maturation of skin function, structure, and composition continues throughout the first years of life. Recent reports have revealed topographical and temporal variations in the adult skin microbiome. Here we address the question of how the human skin microbiome develops early in life. We show that the composition of cutaneous microbial communities evolves over the first year of life, showing increasing diversity with age. Although early colonization is dominated by Staphylococci, their significant decline contributes to increased population evenness by the end of the first year. Similar to what has been shown in adults, the composition of infant skin microflora appears to be site specific. In contrast to adults, we find that Firmicutes predominate on infant skin. Timely and proper establishment of healthy skin microbiome during this early period might have a pivotal role in denying access to potentially infectious microbes and could affect microbiome composition and stability extending into adulthood. Bacterial communities contribute to the establishment of cutaneous homeostasis and modulate inflammatory responses. Early microbial colonization is therefore expected to critically affect the development of the skin immune function.
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In humans, skin microbiota is acquired at birth because the skin is sterile in utero; colonization occurs minutes after birth by the mother's commensal microorganisms, and this neonatal process is crucial to establish immune tolerance towards them.
“In humans, skin microbiota is acquired at birth since, in utero, the skin is sterile; skin colonization occurs a few minutes after birth by the mother’s commensal microorganisms, and this process in the neonatal stage is crucial to establish immune tolerance towards them [6,7].”
From Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Capone, K. A., Dowd, S. E., Stamatas, G. N., & Nikolovski, J.
- Affiliations
- Johnson & Johnson (United States) (US)
- Johnson & Johnson (France) (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Stamatas, Georgios N.
- Venue
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2026-2032
- ISSN
- 0022-202X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3182836
- OpenAlex
- W2012466364
- Cited by
- 532
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 35.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Johnson and Johnson
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Keywords
- skin microbiome, infant skin, microbial colonization, microbial diversity, Staphylococcus, Firmicutes, skin maturation, microbial community composition
- MeSH terms
- Female, Homeostasis, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Inflammation, Male, Skin, Skin Physiological Phenomena, Staphylococcus, Cluster Analysis, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Principal Component Analysis, Metagenome
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