The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Psychology Underlying Successful Retention Practices
Abstract
This article describes the psychological processes that lead to academic and social integration based on a retention model proposed by the authors (Bean & Eaton, 2000). It also describes how successful retention programs such as learning communities, freshman interest groups, tutoring, and orientation rely on psychological processes. Four psychological theories form the basis for our recommendations: attitude-behavior theory which provides the overall structure of the theoretical model, and coping behavioral (approach-avoidance) theory, self-efficacy theory, and attribution (locus of control) theory that lead to academic and social integration.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Bean and Eaton (2001) also found that the explicit instruction of study skills, time management, and resource utilization increased students' coping skills which can impact persistence and retention when students are faced with unexpected challenges.”
From Online or Face to Face? The Modality of a Learning Strategies Course and Impacts on Grades, GPA, Retention and Persistence for Developmental Students (2026) · cites this paper as Bean and Eaton (2001)
In the citing paper
“Similarly, Bean and Eaton (2001) found that students who spent time internally interacting with faculty, staff, and peers were more persistent than students who spent time invested externally with family, non-college friends, and external employers.”
From Online or Face to Face? The Modality of a Learning Strategies Course and Impacts on Grades, GPA, Retention and Persistence for Developmental Students (2026) · cites this paper as Bean and Eaton (2001)
In the citing paper
“Tinto (1975;2006) and Astin (1997Astin ( , 1999)), and Bean and Eaton's (2001) research on belonging dovetail here to support the concept that relationships are essential for increasing persistence.”
From Online or Face to Face? The Modality of a Learning Strategies Course and Impacts on Grades, GPA, Retention and Persistence for Developmental Students (2026) · cites this paper as Bean and Eaton (2001)
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835
(1975) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 36,737
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
Dropout from Higher Education: A Theoretical Synthesis of Recent Research
Tinto, V. (1975) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.2307/1170024 · Cited by 7,888
Leaving College: Rethinking the Causes and Cures of Student Attrition
Bean, J. P., & Tinto, V. (1988) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.2307/1982243 · Cited by 7,408
Self-citationStudent Involvement: A Developmental Theory for Higher Education
Astin, A. W. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315051888-15 · Cited by 5,251
An Attributional Theory of Motivation and Emotion
Weiner, B. L. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4948-1 · Cited by 5,036
Brown, R. D., Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (1992) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.2307/1982025 · Cited by 3,470
Leaving College: Rethinking the Causes and Cures of Student Attrition
Schwartz, S. J., & Tinto, V. (1987) · Academe · doi:10.2307/40250027 · Cited by 2,774
Dropouts from higher education: An interdisciplinary review and synthesis
Spady, W. G. (1970) · Interchange · doi:10.1007/bf02214313 · Cited by 1,374
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Astin A.W., 1984, Journal of College Student Personnel, 25, 297
- Barefoot B.O. & Gardner J. N. (1993). The freshman orientation seminar: Extending the benefits of traditional orientation. In Upcraft M. L. (Ed.), Designing successful transitions: A guide for orienting students to college. The Freshman Year Experience. Monograph Series Number 13, 141–153.
- Bean J. P., 2000, Reworking the departure puzzle: New theory and research on college student retention
- Braxton J. M., 2000, Reworking the departure puzzle: New theory and research on college student retention
- Bucklin R. W. & Bucklin M. L. (1970). The psychological characteristics of the college persister and the college leaver: A review. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 049 709.
- Connor-Linton J., 1995, Michigan Journal of Community Service-Learning, 2, 105
- French J. R., 1974, Coping and adaptation, 316
- Hanley G., 1996, Journal of the Freshman Year Experience, 8, 47
- Kanoy K., 1996, Journal of the Freshman Year Experience & Students in Transition, 8, 7
- Markus G., 1993, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 25, 410
- Sax L., 1997, Educational Record, 78, 25
- Schwitzer A. M., 1998, Journal of the Freshman Year Experience, 10, 31
- Yockey F., 1998, Journal of the First-Year Experience & Students in Transition, 10, 57
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 534
Bego, C. R., Thomas, P. B., Wang, X., & Dourado, A. D. P. (2024) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--41559 · Cited by 6
The School of Language and Liberal Arts Writing Program and Retention at Fanshawe College.
Marshall, C. (2008) · The College Quarterly · Cited by 6
Effects of Timely Enrollment in College-Level Mathematics on Degree Completion
Lane, F., Zientek, L. R., Sechelski, A., & Shupp, S. (2020) · Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory & Practice · doi:10.1177/1521025120973949 · Cited by 6
Joncas, J.-A. (2013) · Constellation (Université du Québec à Chicoutimi) · doi:10.1522/030428563 · Cited by 6
Shur, E. (2024) · International journal of doctoral studies · doi:10.28945/5412 · Cited by 5
López-Angulo, Y., Muñoz-Inostroza, K., Sáez-Delgado, F., Chandía, E., Mella-Norambuena, J., & Brito-Alvarez, F. (2025) · Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory & Practice · doi:10.1177/15210251251360672 · Cited by 5
Determinants of Success of University Students in Vietnam: An Empirical Study
Nguyen, L., THAN, T. T., & Nguyen, T. G. (2020) · Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business · doi:10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no10.1057 · Cited by 5
FACTORES ASOCIADOS A LA PERMANENCIA ESTUDIANTIL DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SONORA:
Dórame, D. L. (2022) · Revista de Psicología de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México · doi:10.36677/rpsicologia.v11i26.19072 · Cited by 5
Schroeder, H., & Lazzell, L. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--19077 · Cited by 5
The Relationship between Individual Student Attributes and Online Course Completion
Elmore, W. M., Young, K., Harris, S. L., & Mason, D. (2016) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0877-9.ch008 · Cited by 5
Sport und Studienabbruch an Hochschulen: Eine Regressionsanalyse zur Relevanz sozialer Integration
Jetzke, M. (2018) · Sport und Gesellschaft · doi:10.1515/sug-2019-0004 · Cited by 5
Who defines success in higher education?
Pownall, M. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429023033-24 · Cited by 5
Polat, S. (2022) · Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education · doi:10.32674/jcihe.v14i5.3896 · Cited by 5
Academic transfer shock and social integration
Strahn-Koller, B. L. (2012) · doi:10.17077/etd.8fnei1gr · Cited by 5
Coaching College Students to Thrive: Exploring Coaching Practices in Higher Education
Sepulveda, A. (2020) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado) · Cited by 5
Factors at the household and university level that influence student dropout at UNAM
Maquera, H. R. M., Zela, M. A. C., & Mamani, R. P. P. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1598687 · Cited by 4
Front-Line Educators: The Impact of Classified Staff Interactions on the Student Experience
Schmitt, M. A., Duggan, M. H., Williams, M. R., & McMillan, J. B. (2014) · Community College Journal of Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/10668926.2012.755482 · Cited by 4
Sithaldeen, R. (2024) · Journal of Student Affairs in Africa · doi:10.24085/jsaa.v12i2.5452 · Cited by 4
A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study of Non-Completers in Online Doctor of Education Programs.
Wyman, B. M. (2012) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 4
College readiness and academic success for arts magnet and traditional high school graduates
Dawood, D. C. (2009) · Cited by 4
Díaz, A., Hill, J., Jenkins, R., Kay, A. E., Pye, A., Morley, D. A., & Tejedor‐Garavito, N. (2015) · Journal of Scientific Research and Reports · doi:10.9734/jsrr/2015/14498 · Cited by 4
Community College Student Motivation and Persistence to Goals
Savi, K. A. (2011) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · Cited by 4
Discipline in Education: Some less frequently explored issues
Beer, J. J. D., Gaffoor, A., Mans, S., Mollo, N. T., Oosthuizen, I. J., Potgieter, F. J., Rossouw, J. P., Smit, M. H., Thambe, M. N., der Bijl, A. V., et al. (2021) · NWU education and human rights in diversity series · doi:10.4102/aosis.2021.bk204 · Cited by 4
Moore, J. C. (2014) · W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library Manuscript Collections · Cited by 4
Prediction of Academic Aspiration based on Spiritual Intelligence and Tenacity
Hajar, S., Jenaabadi, H., Salmabadi, M., & Abasi, A. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 4
An Examination of Psychological Factors That Predict College Student Success and Retention
Luke, & Curtis, C. K. (2009) · Cited by 4
Psychosocial factors predicting the adjustment and academic performance of university students
Sommer, M. (2013) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 4
Huang, Y. (2019) · Figshare · doi:10.25394/pgs.9116885 · Cited by 4
Galeas, I. M. (2025) · ULEAM Bahía Magazine (UBM) · doi:10.56124/ubm.v6i11.014 · Cited by 3
Blau, G. J. (2022) · Journal of Education and Development · doi:10.20849/jed.v6i1.918 · Cited by 3
Rosario-Moore, A., Graham, K. E., Mitric, S., & Avila, G. (2023) · Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory & Practice · doi:10.1177/15210251231156420 · Cited by 3
Tavares, O., Antunes, M. J., Luz, A. R. C., & Sá, C. (2024) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2024.2446601 · Cited by 3
Exploring the Meaning of Fun: A Missed Opportunity to Retain Underrepresented Groups in Engineering?
Purchase, J. M., & Simmons, D. R. (2018) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--28339 · Cited by 3
Biyo-ekolojik Kuramın Gözünden Türkiye Yükseköğretiminde Öğrenci Kalıcılığı
Ertem, H. Y. (2020) · Kuramsal Eğitimbilim · doi:10.30831/akukeg.576913 · Cited by 3
Why Does Student Retention and Success Matter?
O’Shea, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80045-1_2 · Cited by 3
Lemorzsolódás vagy bennmaradás?
Müller, V. (2022) · Neveléstudomány · doi:10.21549/ntny.39.2022.4.3 · Cited by 3
Lawal, I. O. (2008) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/x8pd-z502 · Cited by 3
The impact of orientation programming on student success outcomes at a rural community college
Davis, J. M. (2013) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 3
Evaluation of high-altitude balloons as a learning technology
Straub, J. (2015) · International Journal of Learning Technology · doi:10.1504/ijlt.2015.069451 · Cited by 3
The Importance of Freshman Experiences in Predicting Students’ Retention Decisions
Gore, J. N. (2014) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · doi:10.71889/5fylantbak.29859665 · Cited by 3
Applying a Hybrid Sampling and Boosting Approach to Predict Student Retention
(2022) · International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing · doi:10.18178/ijmlc.2022.12.5.1099 · Cited by 3
Enrollment Management Administrators' Perceptions of Community College Student Retention Practices.
Dempsey, M. (2009) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 3
Female Nontraditional Students in Higher Education.
Banks, J. V. (2010) · IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) · Cited by 3
Baier, S. T. (2014) · Human Biology · Cited by 3
Impact of an extended orientation program on academic performance and retention
Lehning, E. M. (2008) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) · Cited by 3
Understanding the experiences of educationally disadvantaged students at Stellenbosch University
Lourens, E. (2013) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 3
Success in the First Year: Impact of Alternative Advising on Students at a Liberal Arts College
Swanson, J. (2006) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University) · Cited by 3
Making sense of men's experiences and progression through social work programmes
Schaub, J. (2017) · The University of Bath Online Publications Store (The University of Bath) · Cited by 3
Synchronous Online Peer Tutoring via Video Conferencing Technology: An Exploratory Case Study
Smith, C. (2018) · ScholarWorks (Boise State University) · doi:10.18122/td/1454/boisestate · Cited by 3
Palmisano, V. M. (2012) · ScholarWorks @ The University of New Orleans (The University of New Orleans) · Cited by 2
Versfeld, J., Mapaling, C., & Maape, S. (2025) · Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South · doi:10.36615/b2jmgq38 · Cited by 2
University Dropout and Its Impact on Student Well-Being
Bernardo, A. B., Gutiérrez, V. G., López-Angulo, Y., Sáez-Delgado, F., & Albornoz, J. I. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00025-5_23 · Cited by 2
Dropout Intention as a Threat to Higher Education Students’ Well-Being
Casanova, J. R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00025-5_24 · Cited by 2
Mangas, C., & Monteiro, S. S. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15121681 · Cited by 2
DO or D.O.! When AI helps and when it hinders doctoral persistence
Triangga, B., Noermijati, N., Rohman, F., & Sumiati, S. (2026) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-10-2025-0821 · Cited by 2
Chantrea, M. (2026) · Journal of Education Research · doi:10.37985/jer.v7i3.3939 · Cited by 2
Conceptualization of Educational Persistence within Malaysian Higher Institution
Mosaku, M. O., & Ghafar, M. N. A. (2016) · International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change · doi:10.4018/ijissc.2017010103 · Cited by 2
Gebretekle, T. K. (2019) · American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics · doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20190802.12 · Cited by 2
Bego, C. R., Immekus, J. C., & Hieb, J. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--35076 · Cited by 2
Leguizamón, Á. L., & de Leguizamón, A. C. E. I. (2023) · Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar · doi:10.37811/cl_rcm.v7i4.7277 · Cited by 2
Rodgers-Tonge, D., Wray, M., & Baldwin, C. (2023) · Journal of Business Diversity · doi:10.33423/jbd.v23i4.6614 · Cited by 2
Rola, K. S., & Anderson, C. (2024) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--44227 · Cited by 2
Galve-González, C., Bernardo, A. B., & Núñez, J. C. (2024) · Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.psicoe.2024.05.001 · Cited by 2
Managing Internal Personal Factors of Business Student Drop-Out to Build Retention
Vnoučková, L., & Hajerová-Mullerová, L. (2024) · TEM Journal · doi:10.18421/tem132-19 · Cited by 2
Gestión por la calidad: Sistematización, Transformación y Sostenibilidad
Saeteros, E. Z. D., Cachinell, B. M. L., Cachinell, A. N. L., & González, I. S. (2024) · ACVENISPROH Académico · doi:10.47606/acven/aclib0047 · Cited by 2
Saeteros, E. Z. D., Cachinell, B. M. L., Cachinell, A. N. L., González, I. S., & Galí, M. N. B. (2024) · ACVENISPROH Académico · doi:10.47606/acven/aclib0048 · Cited by 2
Investigating the Causes of Dropout in BS Programs: Insights From Public Sector Universities
Ashraf, M. N., Riaz, M., & Mujahid, M.-U.-H. (2024) · Journal of Policy Research · doi:10.61506/02.00269 · Cited by 2
Rivas, S. F., Blanco, E., & Bernardo, A. B. (2025) · Estudios sobre Educación · doi:10.15581/004.49.008 · Cited by 2
García-Álvarez, D., & Torres, B. (2025) · Revista de Estudios e Investigación en Psicología y Educación · doi:10.17979/reipe.2025.12.1.11138 · Cited by 2
Emerson, M. E. (2025) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2025.103097 · Cited by 2
Sickler, S. L. (2013) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2
Johnston, S. M. (2010) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2
Clouse, W. (2012) · Digital Collections of Colorado (Colorado State University) · Cited by 2
Factors Affecting Student Retention At a Midsized Private University
McPherson, G. R. (2016) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2
Butler, J. L. (2017) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 2
The Unintended and Unexpected Outcomes of a Major Selection Policy
Pringle, E. (2014) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2
Adaptable multi-phase rules over the infrequent class
Datta, S., & Mengel, S. A. (2018) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-018-3399-z · Cited by 2
Young, T. L. (2018) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 2
THE EFFECT OF HIGH IMPACT PRACTICES ON STUDENT THRIVING IN COLLEGE
Lloyd, C. (2019) · SEU FIRE Scholars (Southeastern University) · Cited by 2
Noopila, M. Y., & Pichon, H. W. (2020) · Journal of Student Financial Aid · doi:10.55504/0884-9153.1664 · Cited by 2
Woyessa, N. W., & Gelaw, T. A. (2020) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v9i9.7765 · Cited by 2
Profiles of Undergraduate Completers: Deconstructing the Heterogeneity
Skidmore, S. T., Zientek, L. R., & Lane, F. (2022) · Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory & Practice · doi:10.1177/15210251221121327 · Cited by 2
Bego, C. R., Hieb, J., Ralston, P. A. S., Tretter, T. R., Immekus, J. C., & Zhong, J. (2024) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--40695 · Cited by 2
Corack, G. J. (2014) · Cited by 2
A predictive model for MSSW student success.
Napier, A. (2011) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/1040 · Cited by 2
Attrition of undergraduate nursing students at South African Universities
Roos, E. (2014) · Cited by 2
First-Generation Male College Students in Community-Based Education: A Mixed Methods Study
Yeh, T. L. (2014) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) · Cited by 2
Randolph, M. (2019) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 2
Young, K. A. (2020) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.30669.56803 · Cited by 2
Taheri, M. (2020) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc009212 · Cited by 2
Integrating Service-Learning Pedagogy Into Community College Coursework
Leonard, T., & Flink, P. J. (2019) · International Journal of Innovative Teaching and Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.4018/ijitlhe.2020010103 · Cited by 1
(2023) · European Journal of Contemporary Education · doi:10.13187/ejced.2023.3.810 · Cited by 1
Ravhuhali, N., & Dipela, M. P. (2025) · International Journal of Business Ecosystem and Strategy (2687-2293) · doi:10.36096/ijbes.v7i4.891 · Cited by 1
A comparative study exploring university withdrawals in Morocco and the UK
Mitra, B., Chakir, H., & Essakhi, A. (2025) · Research in Post-Compulsory Education · doi:10.1080/13596748.2025.2550849 · Cited by 1
Cascante, J. C. S., Salazar, M. C., Pérez, D. F. C., Mora, H. J. R., & Vasquez, J. R. C. (2025) · I+D Internacional Revista Científica y Académica · doi:10.63636/3078-1639.v4.n2.55 · Cited by 1
Porter, Z. J., Karunaratne, N. S., Sinnayah, P., Klein, R., & Exintaris, B. (2026) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2026.102680 · Cited by 1
Beyond the “Desperation Visit": A Causal Evaluation of Peer Tutoring Methods and Student Success
Solomon, C. (2026) · Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory & Practice · doi:10.1177/15210251261463659 · Cited by 1
Tomlinson, A., King, S., Hibbs, A. E., Polman, R., & Hayman, R. (2026) · Research in Post-Compulsory Education · doi:10.1080/13596748.2026.2692220 · Cited by 1
Larose, S., Duchesne, S., & Châteauvert, G. B. (2020) · Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory & Practice · doi:10.1177/1521025120953429 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Bean, J., & Eaton, S. B.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Northern Illinois University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2001-05
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 73-89
- ISSN
- 1521-0251 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-4167
- OpenAlex
- W2160476973
- Cited by
- 464
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 10.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory & Practice (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Evasion and Academic Success Factors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Career Development and Diversity
- Keywords
- student retention, college retention, academic integration, social integration, learning communities, tutoring, orientation programs, coping styles, self-efficacy, locus of control, attribution theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review