Telemedicine Training in Undergraduate Medical Education: Mixed-Methods Review
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Telemedicine has grown exponentially in the United States over the past few decades, and contemporary trends in the health care environment are serving to fuel this growth into the future. Therefore, medical schools are learning to incorporate telemedicine competencies into the undergraduate medical education of future physicians so that they can more effectively leverage telemedicine technologies for improving the quality of care, increasing patient access, and reducing health care expense. This review articulates the efforts of allopathic-degree-granting medical schools in the United States to characterize and systematize the learnings that have been generated thus far in the domain of telemedicine training in undergraduate medical education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review was to collect and outline the current experiences and learnings that have been generated as medical schools have sought to implement telemedicine capacity-building into undergraduate medical education. METHODS: We performed a mixed-methods review, starting with a literature review via Scopus, tracking with Excel, and an email outreach effort utilizing telemedicine curriculum data gathered by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education. This outreach included 70 institutions and yielded 7 interviews, 4 peer-reviewed research papers, 6 online documents, and 3 completed survey responses. RESULTS: There is an emerging, rich international body of learning being generated in the field of telemedicine training in undergraduate medical education. The integration of telemedicine-based lessons, ethics case-studies, clinical rotations, and even teleassessments are being found to offer great value for medical schools and their students. Most medical students find such training to be a valuable component of their preclinical and clinical education for a variety of reasons, which include fostering greater familiarity with telemedicine and increased comfort with applying telemedical approaches in their future careers. CONCLUSIONS: These competencies are increasingly important in tackling the challenges facing health care in the 21st century, and further implementation of telemedicine curricula into undergraduate medical education is highly merited.
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Many medical schools have been slow to incorporate dHealth training into their formal curricula.
“While the extant literature recognizes the importance of equipping future clinicians with digital competencies [9-11], many medical schools have been slow to incorporate dHealth training into their formal curricula.”
From Evolving Medical Students’ Digital Health Perceptions and Intentions: Insights From a Prepandemic and Postpandemic Survey Study (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
The Results (Trends in Geographic Distribution) describe states where few or no medical schools include telemedicine training, and the Discussion (The Current Landscape of Telemedicine Training) calls for faster incorporation into curricula. These passages support the point for telemedicine, but the source does not establish the same pattern for dHealth training more broadly. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Thinking Outside the Box: Advancing Clinical Education in an Era of Preceptor Shortage
Kayingo, G., Gordes, K. L., Fleming, S., & Cawley, J. F. (2023) · The Journal of Physician Assistant Education · doi:10.1097/jpa.0000000000000500 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Perception of Saudi undergraduate medical students on telemedicine training and its implementation
Kheir, D. Y. M. E., AlMasmoom, N. S., Eskander, M. K., Alshamrani, R. A. H., Alwohaibi, R. N., AlTheeb, F. N., & Aleid, B. A. (2023) · Journal of Family and Community Medicine · doi:10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_41_23 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Khafizova, A. A., Galimov, A., Kharisova, S. R., Grebenshchikova, L. Y., Yagudina, R. I., & Smirnova, L. M. (2023) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cedtech/13768 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Polishing the Teaching of Affective Domain in Online Education
Mirza, T. I., & Mahboob, U. (2021) · Journal of College of Physicians And Surgeons Pakistan · doi:10.29271/jcpsp.2021.04.485 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Telemedicine Clinical Skills Needs Assessment in Early Medical Students
Kumra, T., McGuire, M., Stein, A. A., & Pahwa, A. K. (2022) · Family Medicine · doi:10.22454/fammed.2022.904873 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hernández‐Rodríguez, J., García‐Muñoz, C., Ortiz‐Álvarez, J., Saigí-Rubió, F., Conejo‐Mir, J., & Rodríguez, J. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/42397 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ebrahimi, S., Marzaleh, M. A., Zakerabbasali, S., Ahmadi, A., & Sarpourian, F. (2023) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2023.0258 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The digital readiness of future physicians: nurturing the post-pandemic medical education
Marsilio, M., Calcaterra, V., Infante, G., Pisarra, M., & Zuccotti, G. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11365-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Telemedicine implementation in family medicine: Undergraduate clerkship during COVID‐19 pandemic
Cain, R. A., Klink, D. S., & Yunus, S. (2020) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14313 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Henschen, B. L., Jasti, H., Kisielewski, M., Pincavage, A. T., & Levine, D. (2021) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-021-07061-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Brownie, S. M., Chalmers, L. M., Broman, P., & Andersen, P. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16208 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Defining core competencies for telehealth in healthcare higher education: A Delphi study
Jacob, M. F., Fandim, J. V., dos Reis, F. J. J., Hartvigsen, J., Ferreira, P. H., & Saragiotto, B. T. (2024) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2024.103244 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Expansion of telehealth curriculum: National survey of clinical education leaders
Jortberg, B. T., Dallaghan, G. L. B., Schatte, D. J., Christner, J. G., & Ryan, M. S. (2021) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x211058330 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Palesy, D., Forrest, G., & Crowley, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x221149230 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Child and Adolescent Telepsychiatry Education and Training
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Sivakumar, B., Lemonde, M., Stein, M., Goldstein, S., Mak, S. S., & Arcand, J. (2022) · JMIR Cardio · doi:10.2196/40546 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shoemaker, M. M., Lippold, C., Schreiber, R., & Levy, B. P. (2021) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2021.104526 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Paré, G., Raymond, L., Pomey, M., Grégoire, G., Castonguay, A., & Ouimet, A. G. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221114195 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Narrative review of telemedicine applications in decentralized research
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Lights, Camera, Action: Optimizing Virtual Video Visits to Provide High-Quality Care
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Gummerson, C. E., Lo, B. D., Rodriguez, K. A. P., Cosner, Z. L., Hardenbergh, D., Bongiorno, D. M., Wainger, J. J., Hu, K., Gamaldo, C. E., Salas, R. M. E., et al. (2021) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-021-02979-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Application of Telemedicine in the Ambulance for Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review
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Assessing the Amenability of Rural MSM to Using Telemedicine for Medical and Mental Healthcare
Hubach, R. D., O’Neil, A. M., Hamrick, J. T., Ernst, C., Stowe, M., Stone, T., Collins, G., Camacho, L. D., Giano, Z. D., & Currin, J. M. (2021) · Annals of LGBTQ Public and Population Health · doi:10.1891/lgbtq-2020-0056 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
STFM Forms Task Force to Develop a National Telemedicine Curriculum, from STFM
Theobald, M., & Brazelton, T. (2020) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.2549 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Waseh, S., & Dicker, A. P.
- Affiliations
- Thomas Jefferson University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Waseh, Shayan
- Venue
- JMIR Medical Education
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2019-04-08
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e12515
- ISSN
- 2369-3762 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6475822
- OpenAlex
- W2911229711
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 41.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JMIR Medical Education (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Medicine Forum (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Medical Education
- Keywords
- telemedicine, undergraduate medical education, clinical rotations, medical students' attitudes, competency-based education
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