Impact of Virtual Reality-Based Therapies on Cognition and Mental Health of Stroke Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Stroke remains one of the major chronic illnesses worldwide that health care organizations will need to address for the next several decades. Individuals poststroke are subject to levels of cognitive impairment and mental health problems. Virtual reality (VR)-based therapies are new technologies used for cognitive rehabilitation and the management of psychological outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of VR-based therapies on cognitive function and mental health in patients with stroke. METHODS: A comprehensive database search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, Cochrane Library, and APA PsycINFO databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that studied the effects of VR on patients with stroke. We included trials published up to April 15, 2021, that fulfilled our inclusion and exclusion criteria. The literature was screened, data were extracted, and the methodological quality of the included trials was assessed. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of 894 patients from 23 RCTs were included in our meta-analysis. Compared to traditional rehabilitation therapies, the executive function (standard mean difference [SMD]=0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.06-1.70, P=.03), memory (SMD=1.44, 95% CI=0.21-2.68, P=.02), and visuospatial function (SMD=0.78, 95% CI=0.23-1.33, P=.006) significantly improved among patients after VR intervention. However, there were no significant differences observed in global cognitive function, attention, verbal fluency, depression, and the quality of life (QoL). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of our meta-analysis showed that VR-based therapies are efficacious in improving executive function, memory, and visuospatial function in patients with stroke. For global cognitive function, attention, verbal fluency, depression, and the QoL, further research is required. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42021252788; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=252788.
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VR technology has been increasingly applied in the medical field and well-developed in psychological rehabilitation, especially in the treatment of anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.
“In recent years, VR technology has been increasingly applied in the medical field and has been well-developed in psychological rehabilitation, especially in the treatment of anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (14).”
From The efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorder among adult males: a randomized controlled trial comparing with acceptance and commitment therapy and treatment as usual (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The Introduction (page not provided) says VR-based rehabilitation became more widely used and sophisticated in health care and identifies a positive role for VR in social anxiety disorder. The Discussion’s Principal Findings (page not provided) also describe potential psychological benefits, but our copy does not address VR treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. That specific part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Zhang, Q., Fu, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., Huang, Q., Yang, Y., Zhang, K., & Li, M.
- Affiliations
- Peking University (CN)
- Aberystwyth University (GB)
- Shanxi Datong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Mingzi
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2021-11-17
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e31007
- ISSN
- 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8663637
- OpenAlex
- W3214003571
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 12
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Keywords
- virtual reality, stroke, cognitive rehabilitation, executive function, memory, visuospatial ability, post-stroke cognitive impairment, depression, quality of life, attention, verbal fluency, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Stroke Rehabilitation, Virtual Reality, Cognition, Humans, Mental Health, Stroke, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
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