Assessing the Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Interventions on Anxiety, Stress, and Negative Emotions in College Students: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) interventions have become a promising therapeutic modality to improve the prevalent mental health problems among college students. Despite the growing evidence, a comprehensive meta-analysis is absent. To evaluate the effectiveness of VR interventions on anxiety, stress, and negative emotions in college students, a meta-analysis was conducted. Sixteen randomized controlled trials published between 2014 and 2023 with 46 records and 1022 participants were analyzed. Significant VR intervention effects on anxiety (Hedge’s g = 0.492, p < 0.001), stress (Hedge’s g = 0.344, p = 0.028), and negative emotions (Hedge’s g = 0.461, p = 0.001) among college students were found. The meta-regression analysis revealed that the number of sessions, intervention type, and mean age significantly moderated the effect size. This study offered initial empirical evidence of VR interventions’ effectiveness in reducing anxiety, stress, and negative emotions in college students. Future research directions and methodological suggestions are proposed.
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VR exposure in CBT holds potential as an alternative therapeutic technique for treating phobias and social anxiety in adults and children.
“Virtual reality (VR) exposure in CBT holds potential as an alternative therapeutic technique for treating phobias and social anxiety in adults (Bouchard et al., 2017; Chesham et al., 2018; Horigome et al., 2020; Wechsler et al., 2019) and children (Beele et al., 2024; Man et al., 2024; Parrish et al., 2016; Wong Sarver et al., 2014).”
From Speaking face-to-face with a virtual avatar to reduce anxiety in students who stutter: Tool development and pilot study results. (2026) · cites this paper as Man et al., 2024
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- Authors
- Man, S. S., Li, X., Lin, X. J., Lee, Y.-C., & Chan, A. H. S.
- Affiliations
- South China University of Technology (CN)
- National Taipei University of Technology (TW)
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Yu-Chi
- Venue
- International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2024-12-09
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 10495-10511
- ISSN
- 1044-7318 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7590
- OpenAlex
- W4405196913
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 0.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau (5)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- virtual reality intervention, anxiety, stress, negative emotions, university students, mental health, treatment effectiveness, number of sessions, intervention types, age effects
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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